rare capable of making a living for themselves—that is, to catch kill snakes. If the young Californians have once acquired suffiand strength to follow these pursuits, it is all the same to them ey have parents or not. Nothing is done by these in the way of or instruction, nor do they set an example worthy to be imitated fspring. The children do what they please, without fearing repriunishment, however disorderly and wicked their conduct may be. be well if the parents did not grow angry when their children are then slightly chastised for gross misdemeanor by order of the misbut, instead of bearing with patience such wholesome correction of esons and daughters, they take great offence and become enraged, the mothers, who will scream like furies, tear out the hair, beat their easts with a stone, and lacerate their heads with a piece of wood or the blood flows, as I have frequently witnessed on such occasions.* onsequence is, that the children follow their own inclinations without aint, and imitate all the bad habits and practices of their equals, or r persons, without the slightest apprehension of being blamed by their nd mothers, even if these should happen to detect them in the act of ng the most disgraceful deeds. The young Californians who live in ions commence roaming about as soon as mass is over, and those that eir time in the fields go wherever, and with whomsoever, they please, not or many days the faces of their parents, who, in their turn, do not manislightest concern about their children, nor make any inquiries, after These are disadvantages which the missionary has no power of amending, h being the case, it is easy to imagine how little he can do by instruction, tion, and punishment, towards improving the moral condition of these natives. ven may enlighten the Californians, and preserve Europe, and especially ny, from such a system of education, which coincides, in part, with the roposed by that ungodly visionary, J. J. Rousseau, in his "Emile," and is also recommended by some other modern philosophers of the same If their designs are carried out, education, so far as faith, religion, and ar of God are concerned, is not to be commenced before the eighteenth or eth year, which, if viewed in the proper light, simply means to adopt the rnian method, and to bring up youth without any education at all. (TO BE CONTINUED IN THE NEXT REPORT.) is statement does not seem to agree well with the alleged indifference of the Californian n towards their children, and the formalities which the Californians were obliged to ve, when meeting with the mothers and other female relations of their wives, renders a absence of jealousy among them rather doubtful. Dr. Waitz has also pointed out tho discrepancy while citing a number of facts.contained in our author's work, (Anthroie der Naturvælker, vol. iv, p. 250.) My object being simply to give an English verof Baegert's account, I abstain from all comments on such real or seeming incongruities. 24 s HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, June 21. 1863. ion of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural , rector of the parish of St. Margaret's bay, a board of this colony, brought to the notice of tensive beds of refuse shells and bones, mixed nd perfect and imperfect flint arrow and spear g mind, the gentleman in question naturally was not a matter of chance; and, following up similar beds had been known to exist on the ent isles, and that they had received the name -middings, from being heaps of refuse shells, primitive race of men who, in days of remote elt continuously, in such positions. On peruseport of the Smithsonian Institution for 1860, it of the kitchen middings of Europe, as sursts, a perfect resemblance to those of the Nova red, in so far at least as the few specimens then d. At the bottom of the refus inches from the surface, a la layer of white brown sand of earth, getting lighter as the s hardened drift proclaimed no Taking a general view of the manded granitic boulders whi the primitive people, who rud edge of the wild forest; nor w these boulders greater masse: apparent than in other parts o lost but little of its former con being handled. This probab affording a hard charcoal, and The Fauna of this Nova ascertained, was as follows: (Crous americanus,) the beav triz dorsata,) were noticed; th their brightness and compactn beaver's tooth had the root p its chisel-like point, the appe these teeth were jagged on th of the animals had been brok ones, none were obtained whe species, some very large, and great northern diver, (Colym birds in the colony at the pres broken, and one in particular h down the side. Of fishes, the measuring about an inch in dia cular spines of the Norway h among the debris in a perfect s used for some purpose, such as were the quahog, (Venus merce islandicus) Crepidula fornicat nearly the whole mass of shel friable that the slightest touch ugh search, and prove the nature of these deite of Natural Science decided upon having a the kitchen middings lay; and, accordingly, on rty proceeded by land from Halifax, the capital 's bay, which is distant, in a S.SW. direction, bay is exceedingly spacious, runs inland some dth, perhaps, five or six miles. A few islands at its head, and long, low, promontories, clothed retch into the water at the NE. corner, forming ds. It is on the shore of one of these minor ere canoes could be hauled up easily and safely, ding, found by Mr. Ambrose, lay, on a rising he bay at high-water mark. It forms part of a house hard by, and according to the statement nce it presents, has been submitted to little, if The deposit appears to have extended gth by a well-defined breadth of eight yards. sed and dotted over, on its western extremity, -eat size. The soil which covers the mass is ich it occurs, though, perhaps, a little darker in ow grass and the ordinary field plants, and its ree inches when the shell deposit appears, pres, perfect and imperfect, in which lie bones of tz arrow and spear heads, large and small teeth, ghly made pottery, bearing evident traces of tery was very dark in color, and contained in and, and mica in quantity. From the pieces of r curvature, the earthen vessels could scarcely of a quart bowl. These bowls or cups must e fragments occur in some plenty. No traces man. e Time did not permit, howeve visit to the mounds; but some attaching to the subject, have summer in the vicinity of other hope, by thoroughly excavating which will doubtless help to pro the similarity which existed be formed them, and the constructo of Denmark and Northern Euro I similar to those found on the beach beneath. bottom of the refuse heap, which occurred at a distance of eighteen m the surface, a layer of black soil came two inches thick; then a white brown sand of the same thickness; then came a reddish colored ting lighter as the spade went down, until the original foundation of drift proclaimed no further investigation necessary in that direction. general view of the surface, the observer naturally supposed that the granitic boulders which lie scattered on the heap had afforded seats for itive people, who rudely cooked their food at this encampment on the the wild forest; nor was the supposition incorrect, for on digging around ulders greater masses of shells, and more evident traces of fire were t than in other parts of the heap. The charcoal, in some instances, had little of its former consistency, while in others it powdered into dust on andled. This probably arose from the nature of the wood, some kinds g a hard charcoal, and others soft. Fauna of this Nova Scotian kjækken-mædding, so far as it could be ned, was as follows: Of mammals, the moose, (Cervus alces,) the bear, americanus,) the beaver, (Castor canadensis,) and the porcupine, (Hysrsata,) were noticed; the beaver and porcupine by their teeth, which, from ightness and compactness, might just have been taken from the jaw. A 's tooth had the root part rubbed, and smoothed to a head, giving, with sel-like point, the appearance of an instrument for cutting. Some of teeth were jagged on their edges as if by artificial means. The bones animals had been broken, and, with the exception of a few very small none were obtained whole. Of birds, there were the bones of different s, some very large, and evidently belonging to a bird much larger than the northern diver, (Colymbus glacialis,) which is one of the largest wild in the colony at the present day. The bird bones were also more or less en, and one in particular had been opened by means of a cutting instrument the side. Of fishes, the vertebra of two or three species, the largest uring about an inch in diameter, while two or three specimens of the operspines of the Norway haddock, (Sebastes norwegians,) were procured ng the debris in a perfect state, which led to the supposition that they were for some purpose, such as pricking holes. Of mollusks, the most common the quahog, (Venus mercenaria,) clam, (Mya arenaria,) scallop, (Pecten dicus,) Crepidula fornicata and Mytilus edulis. Of the two former species ly the whole mass of shell consisted. The mussel shells had become so ole that the slightest touch was sufficient to break them. ime did not permit, however, a closer examination to be made on this first t to the mounds; but some members of the Institute, aware of the interest aching to the subject, have decided upon camping out during the ensuing amer in the vicinity of other deposits known to exist in various places, and be, by thoroughly excavating the several mounds, to bring to light specimens ich will doubtless help to prove the age in which they were constructed, and e similarity which existed between the manner and customs of the race who med them, and the constructors of those placed in like positions on the shores Denmark and Northern Europe. J. M. JONES, President of the Institute of Natural Sciences. s, undertaken on the shores of the Lake o view, with the mud and ooze from the of ancient remains, together with piles. ological Society of Zurich, published in the ing this discovery. It was a brief but lucid erous figures, and the conclusion was even ed in ancient times, at the point in question, Discoveries of the same kind were rapidly ants possessing, in an equal degree with Dr. uraging others in the labors of research. His course of instruction, strikingly recommended a pervades it, and which naturally evokes a cation in regard to all new facts and observaorts, directed to different points, which, taken ttle avail, we owe the rapid development of also which has enabled Dr. Keller to publish bitations in 1858, a third in 1860, a fourth in ich we are at this moment occupied. These ned by an affluence of well-ascertained facts, as by the absence of those idle discussions re still but too rife in matters of archæology. ny of notice that even our neighbors of Italy to swell this fifth report by valuable communivn names; for Dr. Keller is of that class of der to each whatever is his due, and willingly ce in order to give greater prominence to the nly publishes in German, whence his reports, th a notice of ten pages on the Terramara de were to occasional su vation, a floor built upon piles The bronze articles occuri Lacustrian settlement at P >. It is apparent that man once inhabited these places, liable as they ›ccasional submersion. At one point there was found, in good preserfloor built upon piles, which had been planted in a marshy soil beallow water, which, by the accumulation of solid material, had since dry land. bronze articles occuring in the terramara are hatchets, reaping-hooks, ads, poniard-blades, hair-pins, a small bronze comb, chisels, and awls, le being of the kind met with in Switzerland and the north, and reas characteristic of the age of bronze. The pottery is coarse, composed mingled with sand, rudely shaped by hand, without the use of the wheel, ill practiced in villages of the Appenine in preparing utensils intended t the action of fire. The vases present a peculiarity, not as yet else. observed, in being often furnished with small handles, drawn out into sly shaped horns and knobs, and sometimes ornamented with stripes. e whirls, plain or striped, are of frequent occurrence. Among the objects e may be mentioned two combs, embellished with carvings in the manner bronze age, and among those of wood the remnant of a wicker basket. emains of animal bones have been carefully studied by Professor Strobel, after having compared them with those of the lacustrian settlements of erland, described by Professor Rutimeyer, of Bâle, has had the satisfaction. eing even the most questionable of his decisions confirmed by the lastd savant. The species thus far recognized by M. Strobel are: remains e bear, the wild boar, the roe-buck, and the stag; and, of domestic animals, log, the horse, the ox, the hog, the goat, and the sheep, all of them races rring in the lakes of Switzerland. To this list should be added some reis of birds, and, among others, of the domestic fowl, with those of terrestrial fluviatile mollusks, still found alive in the country. The vegetable kinghas contributed various kinds of wood, wheat, (triticum turgidum,) beans, el-nuts, pears, apples, service-berries, acorns, and the capsules which enclose seeds of flax. It would appear from the collective circumstances that the terara represents what may be called the kitchen-middens (kjøkken-mædding) he age of bronze, formed in co-operation with the alluvium of rivers. Lacustrian settlement at Peschiera, on Lake Garda, in Italy.-M. de Silber, strian officer of engineers at Verona, reports that, in dredging at the entrance the port of Peschiera, remains of pile-work were found, entirely buried in the ad at the bottom of the water, while the mud itself contained numerous obets in bronze, of which Dr. Keller gives three plates of figures. These cont of poniard-blades, hair-pins of various shapes, hooks, or small fish spears, knife, and some small remnants of clothing, all bearing much resemblance to ose taken from the lakes of Switzerland. Among these objects from Peschiera e some of copper, which leads Dr. Keller to dissent from the generally reeived idea that the age of bronze, properly so called, had its origin in Asia, nce Europe would then have had no age of copper, forming the necessary tage between the age of stone and that of bronze. Dr. Keller presents, in suport of his opinion, a plate comprising the figures of twenty-eight objects of red opper, chiefly hatchets and coins, found in Hungary and Transylvania, and e adduces the testimony of a friend of his, who resided long in Hungary, and |