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events in France, the future state of Italy may be considered as uncertain: it is a fine country, blessed in general with a genial and not intemperately hot climate, and a rich soil; producing corn, wine, and oil in abundance, with a variety of the choicest fruits, it may be styled the garden of Europe, and the parent of its arts and civilization. The chief mountains, exclusive of the Alps, which form its boundary on one side, are the Appenines, which run in a grand chain through its whole extent, and Mount Vesuvius, a celebrated volcano, though far inferior to Etna. Its rivers are the Po, the Tiber, the Var, the Adige. The principal cities have been thus characterized Rome, the holy; Naples, the noble; Venice, the wealthy; Genoa, the proud; Milan, the great; Florence, the fair: Bologna, the fat; Ravenna, the ancient; Padua, the learned; on referring to a map, however, you will find some others, of consequence little inferior to these. The islands that belong to Italy are some of them of great magnitude and importance: Sicily, a rich and fertile island, famous for its volcanic mountain Etna, as well as its principal towns, Palermo, Messina, and Syracuse; Sardinia, another large island, the chief town of which is Cagliari; and Corsica, the birth-place of Buonaparte, the chief town of which is Bastia. As for Malta, now an appendant to great Britain, Candia, and Rhodes, though European islands, it is doubtful whether they ought to be refered to Italy or to Turkey.

The Italians are a handsome, ingenious people; but, from the influence of their civil, religious, and political institutions, are indolent, crafty, jealous, and revengeful.

Portugal.

Portugal lies between Spain and the Atlantic Ocean, and is the most westerly country in Europe. It is intersected with hills and mountains; but along the course of the rivers, the chief of which is the Tagus, are some spacious and fertile plains, producing corn, wine, and fruits of various kinds. The principal towns in Portugal are, Lisbon, the capital, memorable for the dreadful earthquake by which it was destroyed, in 1753, though since elegantly rebuilt; and Oporto, a commercial town, from which the Port wines are chiefly exported. The Portuguese trust too much to the riches arising from their colonies and foreign possessions, and like their neighbours, the Spaniards, are degraded by bigotry and superstition.

Spain.

Spain is much intersected with mountains; but some of its provinces are level, and blest with a rich soil,,producing corn, wine, and fruits; while the more mountainous tracks support vast flocks of sheep, of the Merino breed, whose wool is so necessary in the manufacture of fine broad cloths. In summer the climate is hot and sultry, especially in the central provinces. The principal rivers in Spain are, the Ebro, the Tagus, and the Douro. Its principal towns, Madrid, the capital; Barcelona, Seville, Corunna, and Cadiz. Gibraltar, which for more than a century has belonged to Great Britain, stands on a promontory in the south of Spain, and is considered as impregnable. On its coast lie the islands of Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica. Minorca has more than once been in the possession of Great Britain.

Turkey in Europe.

This country, which includes ancient Greece, is bounded on the north by Hungary, Poland, and Muscovy; on the east by Asia; on the south by the Mediterranean Sea; and on the west by the sea of Greece, the Gulf of Venice, and Germany; being about 1000 miles in length, and 900 in breadth. The climate is certainly very fine, though rather hot; and the soil was once abundantly productive; but, under the indolent, enslaved, and sensual Turks, agriculture is neglected, and the very air is contaminated by filth, so as to give rise to frequent visitations of the plague. Turkey, however, almost spontaneously produces corn, wine, and fruits. The principal mountains are those which are so much celebrated in classical learning, Pindus, Olympus, Parnassus, Athos, and Hæmus. The principal towns in Turkey are Constantinople, frequently called the Porte, by way of eminence, the residence of the grand seignior, and Adrinople, which was formerly the capital. The chief rivers are the Danube, the Save, the Neiper, and the Don.

Its islands are very numerous, but Rhodes and Candia are the most considerable of them. The new republic of the Seven Islands (of doubtful duration) lies to the west of Turkey, including Zante, Cephalonia, Corfu, and others.

The Turks are idle and ignorant, devoted to their religion, which is Mahometan; but inclined to hospitality, when the more malignant passions of jealousy and revenge are not excited.

Great Britain.

Great Britain is divided into England, Scotland,_and Wales; formerly each a kingdom of itself. Indeed, Eng land and Scotland were not united till 1707, when the whole island was called Great Britain; nor was Ireland united with this country till the commencement of the present century. Great Britain is about 600 miles long, and 300 broad, and contains about 12,000,000 of inhabitants.

England.

England is divided into forty counties, which, with the principal towns in each, may be thus arranged, beginning with the most northerly:

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The principal commercial towns are, London, the capital, containing about a million of inhabitants; Birmingham and Sheffield, famous for cutlery and hardware; Manchester for cotton goods; Leeds and Wakefield for woollen cloth; Liverpool, Bristol, Hull, Newcastle, Whitehaven, Yarmouth, Poole, Southampton, &c. which are sea-ports of importance. The climate is mild and salubrious, though rather moist; the soil, either by nature or cultivation, is abundantly fertile; and except in the north, there are few hills or mountains of any considerable magnitude. The principal rivers are, the Thames, the Humber, the Severn, the Trent, and the Medway. As for the lakes, they are only to be found in Westmorland and Cumberland. Oxford and Cambridge are the most famous universities in the world, rich in their endowments, and magnificent in their buildings; Portsmouth, Plymouth, and Chatham, are the principal dock-yards. The chief productions and manufactures of England are, corn, cattle, sheep, coal, iron, cloth, earthenware, and almost every kind of manufacture, in which capital and industry can be employed. The commerce and maritime power of this country, indeed, are unbounded.

On the coast of England are some small islands: Wight, celebrated for its beauty; Guernsey and Jersey, near the coast of France; and the Scilly islands, near the Land's End; besides the Isle of Man, which lies at an equal distance from England, Scotland, and Ireland.

The English are esteemed handsome in their persons, lovers of liberty, valiant in war, industrious in the arts of peace, and extremely enterprising and active, but reserved in their manners.

Wales.

Wales is a mountainous country, inhabited by a distinct race of men, the descendants of the ancient Britons, who

speak a different language, and differ likewise in their customs and manners. This portion of the country is divided into twelve counties:

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The Welsh are generally frugal, hospitable, and brave, somewhat irritable in their temper, and attached to conviviality.

Scotland.

Scotland, or North Britain, is divided into thirty-three counties, which, with their chief towns, stand thus:

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