clear. He was a spy, and, by the laws of war, was condemned to be hanged. He walked to the place of execution, and, stepping into the wagon under the gallows, took off his hat, put the rope around his neck, and tied a handkerchief over his eyes. The wagon was moved away, he swung in air, and died almost without a struggle (October 2). (See map p. 175.)

The War at the South.

91. Let us turn to the South once more, where a great change in the fortunes of the war was in rapid progress. This had its beginning at King's Mountain, South Carolina, in the defeat and capture of twelve hundred Tory house-burners (October, 1780). It was greatly helped by General Morgan (§ 30), at the Cowpens, where eleven hundred of England's best troops,

91. Give an account of the King's Mountain battle. Of the Cowpens battle. Of Cornwallis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene. Where did we hear of Morgan before (p. 159, Where is King's Mountain (map 2)? The Cowpeus ?

commanded by Tarleton, Cornwallis's favorite, were completely routed (January, 1781). Knowing that the main body of the enemy was not far distant, Morgan, with six hundred prisoners, hurried off, and in North Carolina was joined by General Greene, Gates's successor. As Morgan had expected, Cornwallis gave pursuit. For two hundred miles, in storms and across rivers, the chase was kept up, but in vain. (For some particulars of battles, see table page 212.)

92. With additions to his force, and encouraged by the excellent spirit among his men, Greene turned about and attacked his baffled enemy. The action, known as the battle of Guilford (ghil-furd) Court-house, lasted more than two hours, and though Greene could not claim a victory, the British army was so cut up that Cornwallis, fearing another attack, left his wounded to be cared for by the Americans, and hastened to get beyond the reach of his new tormentor (March 15). We shall next meet him at Yorktown, Virginia (§ 94). At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, Lord Rawdon, in command of the British in South Carolina, attacked Greene and compelled him to retreat (April 25).* Though Greene was again defeated, this time by General Stuart at Eutaw (u'-taw) Springs, he was in better condition than his adversary to renew the contest (September 8). Greene had not gained great victories, it is true, yet during his brief career at the South, all of the Carolinas and Georgia, with the exception

*"This same Rawdon soon sailed for England, but not till after a last act of vengeful inhumanity. Isaac Hayne, a planter, whose affections were always with America, had, after the fall of Charleston, surrendered himself, but avowed his resolve never to meet a call for military service under the British flag. When the British lost his part of the country and could protect him no longer, he resumed his place as an American citizen, and led a regiment against them. Taken prisoner, he was condemned to an ignoble death. Against the entreaties of his children and of the women of Charleston, Rawdon sent him to the gallows."-Bancroft's History of the United States.

92. Give an account of the Guilford Court-house battle. Of the second battle of Camden. Of the battle of Eutaw Springs. Where are those three places (map 2)? What is said of General Greene? (Read note 14. Appendix, p. 46.)

of three seaport towns, was restored to the patriots. He stood next to Washington in the affection of his countrymen, and, in their opinion, next to him for ability, as a general in the army.

93. Do we care to know anything further of the traitor Arnold? He had fought with zeal and courage against the king; now, with revengeful feelings, he fought for the king. During a short time he commanded a British force in Virginia, when he set fire to Richmond (January, 1781). To one of his prisoners, it is related, he put the question: "If the Americans should catch me, what would they do with me?" The prompt reply was: "They would cut off your leg that was wounded at Saratoga, and bury it with the honors of war, but the rest of you they would hang." Eight months later, in command of an expedition, he invaded his native State, Connecticut, and plundered and burned New London. Fort Griswold, commanded by Colonel Ledyard, brother of the celebrated traveler, repulsed several assaults, but was finally carried by "Who commands this garrison?" shouted Arnold's Tory captain. "I did, sir, but you do now," replied Ledyard, as he delivered up his sword. Instantly the malignant captain grasped the weapon, and plunged it through the body of Ledyard, killing him upon the spot (September 7, 1781).* 94. It was the opinion of Clinton, the head of the king's forces in America, that Chesapeake Bay, with the country about it, should be fully in possession of the British. Yielding to this opinion, Cornwallis occupied Yorktown, then a small village of Virginia.

storm.

Surrender

of Cornwallis.

*Arnold went to England and received a large sum of money from the British government, but his life afterward was neither prosperous nor happy. Men of honor shunned him, and he was often insulted. He died in obscurity.

93. Give the further history of Arnold. Where is Richmond (map 2)?

94. At what place did Cornwallis make a final stand? What injury had he inflicted upon the patriots? Where is Yorktown (map 2)?

This place, as well as the point of land on the other side of the York River known as Gloucester (glos'-ter), he fortified as speedily as possible. During his march from the Carolinas (892) he had plundered dwellings, burned barns, destroyed growing crops, and carried off horses and slaves. Now, with Greene south of him, Lafayette west of him, and French ships in Delaware Bay, his entire business was to guard against capture. In the hope of capturing Arnold, Washington had sent Lafayette with about twelve hundred men to Virginia (note p. 171).

95. Deluded with the conviction that Washington was making preparations to attack New York, Clinton delayed to send help to Cornwallis. Washington, rapidly followed by American and French regiments, hastened to the new scene of war, and Yorktown was soon completely surrounded. The French ships were commanded by De Grasse (gras): their troops were under Rochambeau (ro-sham-bo'). The siege lasted nearly a month, during which there was much hard fighting, and many lives were lost. Cornwallis, losing all hope of aid from Clinton and no longer able to resist, offered to surrender. The terms being agreed upon, the event, so mortifying to Cornwallis, so cheering to Washington and his allies, took place on the 19th of October, 1781. The land. forces were surrendered to the Americans, the ships to the French. More than eight thousand soldiers and sailors, the flower of the British army and navy, became prisoners of war. *

96. Great was the joy of the patriots as the good news spread throughout the land. "Cornwallis is taken!" shouted the delighted people. One of Washington's aids, riding night and day as fast as horse could carry him, took the glad tid

*"On that very day the lingering armament intended for the relief of Cornwallis sailed from New York. Clinton hovered off the mouth of the Chesapeake several days, when, finding that he had come too late, he turned his tardy prows toward New York."-Irving's Washington.

95. Give the particulars of the siege of Yorktown, and its closing events. 96. How was the news of the result received? What occurred in Philadelphia ?

ings to Philadelphia. It was midnight when he entered the city. The watchmen shouted: "Cornwallis is taken!" The cry, ringing out upon the frosty air, aroused thousands from their beds, and soon the streets were thronged with happy men and women. "The old State House bell rang out its notes of gladness, and the first blush of morning was greeted with the booming of cannon."

66

97. The rejoicings in France, as the welcome tidings were received, were hearty and general. Congratulations from every quarter were showered upon Dr. Franklin. His friends gathered about him, and one, a grand duke, kissed him for joy. Said Franklin : “ Could I have hoped at such an age to have enjoyed so great happiness?" In England, the vexed and disappointed people exclaimed, as with one voice: "Let the war be stopped! Let us not kill any more of our kindred in America!" King George, as stubborn as ever, again declared that he would 66 never agree to a separation from America." (Read note 12, Appendix, p. 45.)

98. Public sentiment, however, in time influenced both king and Parliament. A new ministry was formed, and a commissioner was sent to Paris to confer with

Peace.

Franklin. A movement was thus begun, which, reaching the first stage, a preliminary treaty (November 30, 1782), ended in a complete treaty between the United States and Great Britain (September 3, 1783). Associated with Franklin in these important negotiations were John Adams and John Jay. Adams had been in Holland, performing valuable service for his country by making treaties, and by borrowing money to meet the wants of Congress. By the terms of the treaties with Great Britain, the independence of the United States was fully acknowledged, Great Britain gave up all claim to the territory from the St. Croix to the Missis

97. What took place in France? In England? What said King George?

98. When, where, and by whom on the part of our country was the treaty of peace made? What were its terms? What is said of John Adams ?