to retire. Johnston was wounded, and was succeeded by General Robert E. Lee.

200. Confederate Victories. While Johnston was holding McClellan in check, a brilliant Confederate commander, Gen

Stonewall Jackson.

eral T. J. Jackson,1 was

making a series of rapid movements against divisions of the Union army which were in the valley of the Shenandoah. He was commonly known as Stonewall Jackson, because of the saying that his men would stand like a stone wall to meet the enemy's attack. In quick succession Jackson met and repulsed Generals Fremont, Banks, and McDowell, and then joined Lee. The Confederate army now fell upon the Union

army, and in a series of battles at the end of June forced it back to Harrison's Landing, on the James River.

Lee and Jackson then turned their attention toward Washington, which was defended by an army under General Pope.

1 Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born in Harrison County, Virginia, January 21, 1824. He was sprung from that Scotch-Irish stock to which our attention has often been drawn. He was educated at West Point, and served in the Mexican War. He then resigned his commission, and became professor of natural philosophy in the Virginia Military Institute at Lexington, and held the position till the breaking out of the war. As a young man, he was full of spirit and sport. In mature life, he made a profession of religion, and thenceforth was as unflinchingly devout and God-fearing as an old Scotch Covenanter. His life was one of profound religious conviction, and he won the passionate admiration of the men he commanded. See his life by his wife.

1 Robert Edward Lee was born at Stratford, Westmoreland County, Virginia, January 19, 1807. His father was a brilliant general in the war for independence, and was familiarly known as Light-Horse Harry Lee. The future Confederate general was graduated at West Point in 1829, and received a commission in the engineer corps. He distinguished himself in the Mexican War, and was brevetted colonel for his bravery in the siege of Chapultepec. In 1852 he was appointed superintendent of the military academy at West Point. In March, 1861, he was made colonel of the first regiment of cavalry. He hesitated over the course he should take, but when Virginia seceded, he made obedience to his State paramount, resigned his commission in the United States army, and was third of the first five generals appointed by the Confederacy. At the close of the war, he was elected president of Washington-Lee University, at Lexington, Virginia, and held the office till his death, October 12, 1870.

Pope's forces stretched along the Rappahannock and Rapidan to the first line of the Blue Ridge. General Banks held a position at the western end of the line, and was attacked by Jackson at Cedar Mountain, August 9. Lee followed close behind, and the two generals forced Banks back, and then attacked Pope. McClellan at Harrison's Landing was ordered to join Pope, and a portion of his forces came up in time to take part in the second battle of Manassas, fought near the old battlefield of Bull Run. Pope's army was put to rout.

Aug. 29, 30, 1862.

Antietam and Fredericksburg. Lee now led his victorious army across the upper Potomac and entered Maryland. McClellan, gathering the remnants of the two defeated armies, followed, and confronted the Confederates at Antietam Creek. Here a desperate struggle took place, September 17. It left each army exhausted, but the victory remained with the Unionists. The Confederates recrossed the Potomac, and retired up the Shenandoah Valley. McClellan's course had dissatisfied the administration, and his command was given to General Ambrose E. Burnside, who attempted to move upon Richmond by way of Fredericksburg. Lee placed himself upon the hills behind the town, and when Burnside crossed the river, met his attack and completely defeated him.1

Dec. 13, 1862.

1 For details of these movements see Antietam and Fredericksburg by Francis Winthrop Palfrey.

QUESTIONS.

Compare the characteristics and resources of the two sections of the country in view of the war. Who were the commanders on the two sides? What brought on the battle of Bull Run? What was the result of the battle ? What was the first direct blow struck at slavery? How did President Lincoln act? What attitude did the South take toward Europe? Narrate the incidents of the Trent affair. How did the British government act with regard to Confederate cruisers? What was the divided attitude of England toward America? Describe the taking of Forts Henry and Donelson. Describe the series of actions by which the

Narrate the affair of the Monitor

Mississippi came under Union control.

and the Merrimac. What was McClellan's campaign? Describe the successes won by Jackson and Lee.

SEARCH QUESTIONS.

What was Seward's prophecy as to the duration of the war? For what was General Sherman accused of madness? What was Seward's proposition to President Lincoln for the settlement of difficulties? ports of Great Britain were especially busy during the blockade?

What

SUGGESTIONS FOR LITERARY TREATMENT.

COMPOSITIONS:

The Baltimore Riot.

Boyhood days of General Grant.

John Ericsson the inventor.

The coming of the Monitor.

How the ironclad monitor revolutionized the navies of the world.
Horace Greeley.

An account of the capture of New Orleans.

DEBATES:

Resolved, That Fremont should have been supported by the President when he issued his proclamation.

Resolved, That the British government should have recognized the Southern Confederacy.