Supreme Court, organization, 203;
members removable by impeach-
ment, 204; interprets Constitution,
204; Dred Scott case in, 342.
Surveys, government, 326.
Sutter, Colonel, California gold first
discovered at mills of, 312.
Sweden, loses colony of New Sweden,
37.

Sylvania, name first proposed for
Pennsylvania, 73.

Symmes, John Cleves, obtains large
grant in Ohio, 231.

Taft, Alphonso, Secretary of War,
Attorney General, 429.

Taney, Roger B., Attorney General,
320, 321; decides that negro is not a
citizen, 342.

Tariff, definition of, 269.
Tariff, protective, 412; effects of tariff
of 1816, 270, 271; reasons for enact-
ing tariff of 1816, 270; favored by
Whigs, 290; enriches North at ex-
pense of South, 292; South Carolina
claims right to nullify, 294; Clay
proposes compromise on, 294; for-
bidden by Confederate constitution,
348; tariff bill of 1861, 350.
Tarleton, Banastre, 181.
Tax, direct, 123.

Taxation, self-imposed by colonists,
126; Patrick Henry on, 132; of tea,
opposed, 138, 140; Hamilton's plan
for, 206. See also Duties; Tariff.
"Taxation without representation is
tyranny," said by Otis, 129.
Taylor, General Zachary, wins at Palo
Alto, 304; wins at Monterey and
Buena Vista, 305; portrait, 306;
elected President, death, 307; wishes
to bring California into Union,

314.

Tea, taxation of, 138, 139; opposition
to landing tea in Boston, 139, 140.
Tecumseh, defeated by Harrison, 241;
attempts against same, 246; killed,
246.

Telegraph, electric, invented by Morse,
325.

Telephone, first exhibited, 398, 400.
Teller, Henry M., Secretary of Interior,
430.

Tennessee, organization of, 217; sends
Andrew Jackson against Creeks,
247; Union sentiment in, 354; effort
to protect, 362.

Tennessee, Confederate iron-clad, 380.
Tenure of Office Act, 390; a cause of
Johnson's impeachment, 392.

Territories, 478; question of slavery
in, 282-285, 315; contest over slavery
in, 338; Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 339;
center of contest in Kansas, 340,
341.

Texas, originally part of Mexico, 298;
Mexico refuses to sell, 298; declares
independence, 299; opposition to
annexation, 299; annexation of, 303;
last slave State added, 308; Clay
proposes large money grant to, 314;
receives grant, 315.

Thames, battle of the, 246.
Thirteen colonies, see English Colo-
nies.

Thomas, General George H., defeats
Hood, 381.

Thomas, Lorenzo, Secretary of War
(ad interim), 427.
Thomas, Philip F.,
Treasury, 426.

Secretary of

Thompson, Jacob, Secretary of In-
terior, 426.

Thompson, Richard W., Secretary of
Navy, 429.

Thompson, Smith, Secretary of Navy,

319.

Ticonderoga, English defeat at, 96;
retaken by Amherst, 97; map, 170;
capture, 170, 171.
Tilden, Samuel J., 401.
Tippecanoe, battle of, 241.
Titusville, Pa., petroleum discovered
at, 395.

Tobacco, 78; a source of wealth to
Virginia, 48; used as money, 80;
duties on, 81.

Tompkins, Daniel D., Vice President,

319.

Tonnage, American, 268.
Topeka Constitution, 340.
Toscanelli, advises Columbus on route
to Asia, 3; map, 4; Columbus be-
lieved to have sailed by his map, 7.
Tories, obnoxious name in America,
289.

Tortugas, fort at, refuses to surren-
der, 349.

Tory party in England, adherents of
George III., 126.

Toucey, Isaac, Attorney General, 322;
Secretary of Navy, 426.

Town meetings, 113; restriction of, in
Massachusetts, 141.

Towns, manufacturing, 271.
Townshend, Charles, 136.
Townships, Western, how marked off,
231.

Tracy, Benjamin F., Secretary of
Navy, 431.

Trade, restriction imposed by England
on colonial, 127.
Treason, 477.

Treasury notes, 375.
Treaty Elm, 75.

Treaty of peace between England and
United States, signed, 184.
Treaty of Washington, 394, 395.
Trees, cutting of, restricted, 127.
Trent affair, 361.

Trenton, N.J., Washington's victory
at, 169.

Tripoli, war with, 237.

Troops, quartering of, in colonies,
136.

Turks, cut off commerce with Asia, 2;
drive learning westward, 439.
Tuskegee, Ala., 391.

Twiggs, General, surrenders Federal
forces to Confederacy, 348.
Tyler, John, portrait, 301; becomes
President, 302; sketch, 302; Vice
President and President, 321; pre-
sides over Peace Conference, 350.
Tyner, James N., Postmaster General,
429.

Uncle Tom's Cabin, effect of, 336.
Underground Railroad, 345.
Union, plans for, among colonies, 124;
reasons for and against, 125; change
from Confederation to, 194.
"Unite or Die," device in Pennsylva-
nia Gazette, 124, 125.

United Colonies of New England,
form league, 61.
United States, Ponce de Leon first
Spaniard to touch, 15; declare in-
dependence, 155; name given to
Confederation, 159; powers of, 159;
opens diplomatic relations abroad,
160; intention of France to limit
western boundary at Alleghanies,
177; independence of, recognized by
England, 184; powers delegated to,
by Constitution, 194; forms first new
State, Vermont, 207; first census of,
209; early industries, 209, 210; man-
ufactures, 212; cducation and re-
ligion, 212, 213; frontier, 214, 215;
pioneer life in, 218; social life, 219;
dependence at first upon Europe,
221; enthusiasm for French Revolu-
tion, 223; keeps free from European
affairs, 222, 223; objects to right of
search, 223; Jay's treaty, 223, 224;
sovereign rights of, first recognized
by England, 224; warned from for-
eign politics by Washington, 226;
purchases Louisiana, 232, 233; war

with Tripoli, 237; declares war
against England, 1812, 242; inde-
pendence of, established by treaty of
Ghent, 252; becomes less dependent
on Europe, 261; dealings with In-
dians, 263; controls entire seaboard,
266; takes alarm at Holy Alliance,
266; asserts the Monroe Doctrine,
267; inventive spirit in, 269; rise
of manufactures in, 270; railroads
in, 274; pays Mexico for addi-
tional territory, 306; sends relief to
Irish famine, 328; Lincoln finds dis-
organized condition of government,
353; attitude towards, in England,
362; concludes treaty of Washing-
ton with Great Britain, 394, 395;
represented at Berlin Conference,
405; present conditions of, 417-420;
boundaries of, mostly natural, 447,
448; its favorable geographical posi-
tion, 448; physical divisions, 448;
coast line, 448, 449; mountains, 449,
450; rivers, 451, 452; forests, 452;
lakes, 453; plains, 453; changes
which are making, 455; powers de-
nied to, 473, 474.

United States, frigate, captures Mace-
donian, 245.

United States Bank, opposed, 206; new
charter given to, 272; favored by
Whigs, 291; Jackson hostile to, 294;
fails to renew charter, 295.

United States Christian Commission,
358.

United States courts, 476; jurisdiction
of, 477.

United States Sanitary Commission,
358.

United States Weather Bureau, 418.
Upshur, Abel P., Secretary of State,
321; Secretary of Navy, 322.
Usher, John P., Secretary of Interior,
427.

Utah, part of Mexican cession, 306;
Mormons settle in, 313; irrigation
in, 313; question of slavery in, 315;
made a territory, 315; growth of,
393; polygamy abolished in, 405.

Valley Forge, sufferings at, 175, 176.
Van Buren, Martin, portrait, 295;
elected President, 296; carries out
Jackson's policy, 296; opposes an-
nexation of Texas, 302; Secretary
of State, Vice President, 320.
Vasco da Gama, rounds Cape of Good
Hope, 2.
Venezuela,
regarding

arbitration
boundaries of, 414.

Veragua, Duke of, descendant of Co-
lumbus, visits United States, 12.
Vermont, sparsely settled, 115; be-
comes a State, 207; attitude in the
Revolution, 207; origin of word, 207.
Verona, Holy Alliance meets at, 266.
Verrazano, voyage to America, 27.
Vespucci, Amerigo, voyages of, 12;
America named for, 12; portrait, 13.
Veto, Presidential, 389.

Vice President, office, 475; provisions
for electing, 481, 482.
Vicksburg, surrenders to Grant, 377.
Victoria, Queen, checks English hos-
tility to the Union, 362.

Vikings, boats of, 436; sagas, 437;
probably landed on North America,
438; invented the keel and the cask,
438.
Vilas, William F., Postmaster General,
430; Secretary of Interior, 431.
Vinland, unknown to geographers, 438.
Virginia, named for Queen Elizabeth,
42; lost colony of, 43; Gosnold sent
to plant, 44; Jamestown settled, 44,
45; trials of colonists, 45, 46; gold-
hunting in, 46; English poor sent
to, 48; new charter, 48; tobacco a
source of wealth to, 48; does not
welcome George Calvert, 76; gov-
ernment, 79; Assembly formed, 79;
life in, 79; tobacco growing, 79, 80;
political complexion of, 80; royal-
ists come over to, 80; they control
affairs, 81; Bacon's rebellion, 81;
growth, 81, 82; colonial commerce
and slavery, 120; action against
Stamp Act, 130, 132; part of,
threatens secession, 190; calls con-
vention, 191; most populous State
in first census, 209; abolishes reli-
gious tests, 213; erects county within
present Kentucky, 216; hangs John
Brown, 343; calls Peace Conference,
350; West Virginia breaks from,
351; becomes chief battle ground of
war for the Union, 355.
Virginia Company, 44.
Virginia Resolutions, 228.
Volunteers, called for by Lincoln, 354;
renewed call, 358.

Voters, only church members allowed
to be, 55.

Wabash River, St. Clair defeated near
head waters of, 224.

Walker, Robert J., Secretary of Treas-
ury, 322.

Nicaragua, 341.
Wallabout Bay, 166.

Wanamaker, John, Postmaster Gen-
eral, 431.

War for the Union, cost of, 387. See
also Confederate States.

War of 1812, causes, 238, 239, 241; de-
clared, 242; on Canada border, 243;
naval victories, 245; Lake Erie and
the Thames, 246; in Southwest, 247;
campaign of 1814, 247-249; Lundy's
Lane, 428; burning of Washington,
249; defense and battle of New Or-
leans, 249-251; closed by treaty of
Ghent, 251; establishes independence
of the United States, 252; ends long
period of warfare, 261; stimulates
home manufactures, 270.
Ward, General Artemas, 144.
Warren, General Joseph, 148.
Washburne, Elihu B., Secretary of
State, 428.

Washington, Booker T., 391.
Washington, George, surveys for Ohio
Company, 92; reports French en-
croachments, 92; on Braddock's
staff, 93; retreats with Braddock's
army, 93; portrait, 108; headquar-
ters in Craigie House, 114; elected
commander-in-chief of army, 146;
takes command, 148; adopts flag for
army, 151; prepares to defend New
York, 153; refuses conditions of
peace, 166; resents Howe's dis-
courtesy, 166; retreats up New York
Island, 166; abandons Fort Lee, 167;
retreats through New Jersey, 167;
wins at Trenton and Princeton, 169;
defeated at Brandywine, 172; Con-
way cabal against, 175; loyalty of
friends, 175; saves the day at Mon-
mouth Court House, 176; goes to
White Plains, 176; entraps Corn-
wallis, 182; Cornwallis surrenders
to, 183; enters New York, 184; takes
farewell of army, 184; prevents
trouble in army from arrears of pay-
ment, 188; chairman of Constitu-
tional Convention, 191; unanimously
chosen first President, 202; takes
oath of office, 202; Lafayette sends
key of Bastile to, 222; proclaims
neutrality, 222; sends Jay to Eng-
land, 223; signs Jay's treaty, 224;
indignant at St. Clair's defeat, 224;
retires to Mt. Vernon, 225; injunc-
tions in farewell Address, 226; again
called from his retirement, 227;
death, 228; capital named for, 228.

Watauga Association, 217.
Watauga Valley, 216.

Wayne, General Anthony, captures
fort at Stony Point, 178; defeats
Indians, 224.

Webster, Daniel, tribute to John Jay,
193; defends the Union, 292; sketch,
292; portrait, 293; helps establish
northeastern boundary, 309; sup-
ports Compromise of 1850, 315; Sec-
retary of State, 321, 425.
Webster, Noah, 213.
Welcome, Penn's vessel, 74.
Welles, Gideon, Secretary of Navy,
427.

Wesleys, the, visit Georgia, 85.
West, the, first shown on Champlain's
map, 31; frontier development of,
178; beginnings of, 191; emigration
towards, 230, 275, 276.

West India Company, purposes of, 36.
West Indies, name given to islands off
supposed coast of Indies, 11; French,
to be defended by United States, 222.
West Point, Arnold plots to betray,
180.

West Virginia, opposed to secession,
354; admitted to Union, 393.
Western posts, English garrisons re-
moved from, 224.

Western Reserve, 230; townships in,
231.

Wethersfield, Conn., settled, 56.
Wheat, begins to be grown in Mary-
land, 78.

Wheeler, William A., Vice President,

429.

Whig party, in England, 126; in United
States, origin of name, 289; favors
protective tariff, 290; opposes an-
nexation of Texas, 299; nominates
Clay, 302; Tyler obnoxious to, 303;
General Scott last candidate of, 338.
Whisky rebellion, 224, 225.

White, John, governor of Virginia
Colony, 43.

White, Peregrine, 67.

White Plains, 210; battle of, 167.
Whitefield, George, visits Georgia,
85.

Whitman, Dr. Marcus, his ride from

Oregon to Washington, 311; carries
many settlers to Oregon, 311.
Whitney, Eli, invents cotton gin, 211;
portrait, sketch, 211.

Whitney, William C., Secretary of
Navy, 431.

Whittier, John Greenleaf, 336; when
young encouraged by Garrison, 299.
Wickliffe, Charles A., Postmaster Gen-
eral, 322.
Wigwams, 22.

Wilderness, battle of the, 378.
Wilkes, Captain Charles, explorations
of, 326; seizes Mason and Slidell,
361.

William and Mary, come to throne,

65.

Williams, George H., Attorney Gen-
eral, 428, 429.

Williams, Roger, banished, 58; settles
Providence, 58.

Williams, William, Secretary of War,
322.

Williamsburg, Va., McClellan attacks
Johnston at, 368.
Willing, Charles, 188.
Wilmington, Del., Fort Christina near
present site of, 37.
Wilmot proviso, 306, 307.
Wilson, Henry, Vice President, 428.
Wilson, James, Secretary of Agricul-
ture, 432.

Wilson, William L., Postmaster Gen-
eral, 431.

Winchester, battle of, 380.
Windom, William, Secretary of Treas-
ury, 430, 431.
Windsor, Conn., 36.

Winslow, Commodore, sinks Alabama,
380.

Winthrop, John, governor of Connec-
ticut, plants Saybrook, 56.
Winthrop, John, governor of Massa-
chusetts, 53; portrait, 54.

Wirt, William, Attorney General, 319.
Wisconsin, reached by Nicolet, 31;
added to Union, 308.
Wisconsin River, descended by Joliet,
31.

Wise, Henry A., 345.

Wolcott, Oliver, Secretary of Treasury,
255, 256.

Wolfe, General James, fails to capture
outworks near Quebec, 97; strata-
gem against Quebec, 97, 98; gains
Plains of Abraham, 98; death, 99.