BOOK V. Chapter VII. and that of the Benedictine Convent at Bergen were added. In 1816, the removal of the University of Wittenberg to Halle led again to the large increase of the Library, all the Wittenberg books, except those on Theology and Philology accompanying the transfer. The von Ponickau collection,-containing more than 12,000 volumes of printed books and 650 MSS., and extraordinarily rich in the History of Saxony,-which had been bequeathed to the University of Wittenberg, on condition of its independent preservation, was also brought to Halle, where it is duly kept apart. In the aggregate, the University Library now contains nearly 100,000 volumes of printed books, and about 1000 volumes of MSS. The sum annually allotted for the purchase of books averages about 2500 dollars, besides a small separate fund which belongs to the Ponickau collection. The regulations and general management are similar to those of the other University Libraries of Prussia. The Reading-Room is accessible to all educated persons on two days in each week, and to the members and students of the University on four other days. The use of the Library for borrowing appertains more particularly to the Professors, Tutors, official persons, and others of known position; persons not included in this category, must obtain special permission. The average number of readers during the year is about 300; that of books lent out about 7000 volumes. 1 Petzholdt, ut supra, 167-171. BOOK V. Chapter VII. Germany. versity Library. The foundation of the present University Library of Heidelberg was laid, in the year 1703, by the Elector Palatine John William, who purchased the collection of Grævius, and incorporated with it the small remnant then to be found in Heidelberg of the famous Biblio- Heidelberg Unitheca Palatina. Subsequent acquisitions considerably increased it, amongst the most noticeable of which is the conventual or collegiate Library of Salmannsweiler, which contained about 6000 volumes. Other collections of dissolved monasteries and chapters, and several private collections, have been added at various times. The present total contents are stated at about 150,000 volumes of printed books, and upwards of 3000 MSS. The Library is freely accessible to readers on every day of the week, except Sunday. Books are also lent out under liberal regulations. The average number of volumes so lent during the year is stated at upwards of 8000; and that of books added to the Library at 1500.1 versity Library. The University of Göttingen was founded by King Göttingen UniGeorge II. in the year 1734, during the Ministry in Hanover of Munchhausen, and vigorous measures were soon taken to furnish it with a Library on a liberal scale. Within a century and a quarter the collection thus begun has come to possess about 360,000 printed volumes, and 3000 volumes of manuscripts. 1 Petzholdt, ut supra, 195-198. But its 2 Foreign Office Returns of 1850, 262. The official statement runs thus:-"In the University Library, there are nearly (ungefähr) 350,000 volumes of printed books, counting each individual volume, whether it be a [bound] pamphlet of a few leaves, or a volume containing 50 or more BOOK V. Chapter VII. kind extent is its least recommendation; for it is not only Tracts or Dissertations bound together." This is precisely the mode of that, at his death in 1812, the Göttingen Library had increased to upwards of 200,000 volumes. Heyne was succeeded by Reuss, and he by Benecke, both of them men of zeal and of ability. The chief collections, individually important, which have been here absorbed are those of Baron von Bülow; of the historian Heeren; of Uffenbach; and of Dr. J. C. Jahn, of Leipsic.` The system of Catalogues which Heyne established is elaborate but clear. There are, in fact, four Catalogues connected with each other, and all of them are MSS. Every addition to the Library is first entered in the Manual of the year, in which are concisely written the title and date of the book, and the day of its reception. Then the book is entered with its full title in the Accession Catalogue, which is also commenced with every year, and forms at its close four volumes; the first containing entries of books on Theology; the second, of books on Jurisprudence; the third, of those on History; and the fourth, books in the other classes. These two catalogues are intended more particularly for the use of the Librarians; the remaining two are for readers. The third of the series is a complete Alphabetical Catalogue, in which every book is entered under the author's name, when given, or, when not given but known, with a reference thereto under the chief word of the title. Every book of which the author's name is not known, is entered under such chief word of title; and, on one side, are also entered the date and form, with reference to the entries of the same book in the Manual and the Accession Catalogue; on the other is entered that heading in the classed catalogues to which the book belongs. BOOK V. Chapter VII. BOOK V. Chapter VII. Erlangen University Library. Lastly, the book is entered in the Classed or Scientific Catalogue, according to its subject; and is then placed in its appropriate division of the Library. Thus, the Alphabetical Catalogue answers the question, whether or not the known book of a known author, or the anonymous book of which the title is accurately remembered, is in the Library, and, if there, where it is to be found; and the Scientific or Classed Catalogue shows what books are contained in the Library upon any given subject. The University Library of Erlangen owes its foundation to the Margrave Frederick of Bayreuth who gave his own collection, as a beginning, in 1743. Shortly afterwards it received an important increase by the donation (in consideration of an annuity from the University,) by Dr. von Superville of his extensive medical Library, and, at a subsequent period, another in that of the valuable private Library, containing 4135 volumes, of the Margravine Frederica Sophia. Other considerable augmentations followed in quick succession, amongst the most important of which were the Cistercian Library at Heilbronn,-including many MSS. and Incunabula; about 3000 duplicate volumes selected from the large Library which had been bequeathed to the University of Altdorf by Dr. C. J. von Trew, and the whole of which, some fifty years later,—with the exception, however, of such books, already at Erlangen, as were found to be wanting either in the University Library of Munich or in that of Würzburg,-was here incorporated, in consequence of the dissolution of the |