On a motion for the recommitment of the bill, lord Sheffield divided the house, against whose motion there was a majority of forty-two. And on the third reading of it, it was opposed again; but it was at length carried.

The speakers against the bill were: Sir William Yonge, Lord Sheffield, Colonel Tarleton, Alderman Newnham, and Mr. Payne, Est, Lechmere, Cawthorne, Jenkinson, and Dent. Those who spoke in favor of it were: Mr. Pitt, Fox, William Smith, Whitbread, Francis, Burdon, Vaughan, Barham, and Serjeants Watson and Adair.

While the foreign Slave-bill was thus passing its stages in the commons, Dr. Horseley, bishop of Rochester, who saw no end to the examinations, while the witnesses were to be examined at the bar of the house of lords, moved, that they should be taken in future before a committee above-stairs. Dr. Porteus, bishop of London, and the lords Guildford, Stanhope, and Grenville, supported this motion. But the lord chancellor Thurlow, aided by the duke of Clarence, and by the lords Mansfield, Hay, Abingdon, and others, negatived it by a majority of twenty-eight.

At length the bill itself was ushered into the house of lords. On reading it a second time, it was opposed by the duke of Clarence, lord Abingdon, and others. Lord Grenville and the bishop of Rochester declined supporting it. They alJeged, as a reason, that they conceived the introduction of it to have been improper pending the inquiry on the general subject of the Slave-trade,

This declaration brought up the lords Stanhope and Lauderdale, who charged them with inconsistency as professed friends of the cause. At length the bill was lost. During these discussions, the examination of the witnesses was resumed by the lords; but only two of them were heard in this session.*

After this decision the question was in a desperate state; for if the commons would not renew their own resolution, and the lords would not abolish the foreign part of the Slave-trade, what hope was there of success? It was obvious, too, that in the former house, Mr. Pitt and Mr. Dundas voted against each other. In the latter, the lord chancellor Thurlow opposed every motion in favor of the cause. The committee therefore were reduced to this either they must exert themselves without hope, or they must wait till some change should take place in their favor. As far as I myself was concerned, all exertion was then -over. The nervous system was almost shattered to pieces. Both my memory and my hearing failed me. Sudden dizziness seized my head. A confused singing in the ears followed me, wherever I went. On going to bed, the very stairs seemed to dance up and down under me, so that, misplacing my foot, I sometimes fell. Talking too, if it continued but half an hour, exhausted me, so that profuse perspirations followed; and the same effect was produced even

'After this, the examinations wholly dropped in the house of lords.

by an active exertion of the mind for the like time. These disorders had been brought on by degrees in consequence of the severe labors necessarily attached to the promotion of the cause. For seven years I had a correspondence to maintain with four hundred persons with my own hand. I had some book or other annually to write in behalf of the cause. In this time I had travelled more than thirty-five thousand miles in search of evidence, and a great part of these journeys in the night. All this time my mind had been on the stretch. It had been bent, too, to this one subject; for I had not even leisure to attend to my own concerns. The various instances of barbarity, which had come successively to my knowledge within this period, had vexed, harassed, and afflicted it. The wound, which these had produced, was rendered still deeper by those cruel disappointments before related, which arose from the reiterated refusal of persons to give their testimony, after I had travelled hundreds of miles in quest of them. But the severest stroke

was that inflicted by the persecution, begun and pursued by persons interested in the continuance of the trade, of such witnesses as had been examined against them; and whom, on account of their dependant situation in life, it was most easy to oppress. As I had been the means of bringing these forward on these occasions, they naturally came to me, when thus persecuted, as the author of their miseries and their ruin. From their supplications and wants, it would have been une

generous and ungrateful to have fled.* These different circumstances, by acting together, had at length brought me into the situation just mentioned; and I was therefore obliged, though very reluctantly, to be borne out of the field, where I had placed the great honor and glory of my life.

CHAPTER V.

CONTINUATION FROM JULY, 1794, TO JULY, 1799-VARIOUS MOTIONS WITHIN

THIS PERIOD.

I PURPOSE, though it may seem abrupt, after the division which has hitherto been made of the contents of this volume, to throw the events of the next five years into one chapter.

Mr. Wilberforce and the members of the committee, whose constitutions had not suffered like my own, were still left; and they determined to persevere in the promotion of their great object as long as their health and their faculties permitted them. The former, accordingly, in the month of

*The late Mr. Whitbread, to whom one day in deep affliction on this account I related accidentally a circumstance of this kind, generously undertook, in order to make my mind easy upon the subject, to make good all injuries which should in future arise to individuals from such persecution; and he repaired these at different times, at a considerable expense. I feel it a duty to divulge this circumstance, out of respect to the memory of one of the best of men, and of one, whom, if the history of his life were written, it would appear to have been an extraordinary honor to the country to have produced.

February, 1795, moved in the house of commons for leave to bring in a bill for the abolition of the Slave-trade. This motion was then necessary, if, according to the resolution of that house, the Slave-trade was to cease in 1796. It was opposed, however, by Sir William Yonge, and unfortunately lost by a majority of seventy-eight to fifty-seven.

In the year 1796 Mr. Wilberforce renewed his efforts in the commons. He asked leave to bring in a bill for the abolition of the Slave-trade, but in a limited time. The motion was opposed as before; but on a division, there were for it ninetythree, and against it only sixty-seven.

The bill, having been brought in, was opposed in its second reading; but it was carried through it by a majority of sixty-four to thirty-one.

In a future stage it was opposed again; but it triumphed by a majority of seventy-six to thirtyone. Mr. Eliott was then put into the chair. Several clauses were adopted; and the first of March, 1797, was fixed for the abolition of the trade: but in the next stage of it, after a long speech from Mr. Dundas, it was lost by a majority of seventy-four against seventy.

Mr. Francis, who had made a brilliant speech in the last debate, considering that nothing effectual had been yet done on this great question, and wishing that a practical beginning might be made, brought forward, soon afterwards, a motion relative to the improvement of the condition of the slaves in the West Indies. This, after a short debate, was negatived without a division. Mr.