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The equally beautiful Fothergillian medal of the Royal Humane Society (London) may likewise be mentioned in this connexion, since a specimen struck in gold, now in the British Museum, was awarded in 1845 to Sir John Erichsen for his "Experimental Enquiry into the Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia."

Here also properly belong all medals commemorating life-saving scientific discoveries. In Part III. (18th century) I describe those relating to Benjamin Franklin's discovery of lightning-conductors, with the famous hexameter epigram: "Eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis." The indirectly life-saving discovery of how to produce anaesthesia (the "death of pain," as S. Weir Mitchell called it) for surgical operations, is, I believe, commemorated by minor works of art as well as by some pictures.

Many paintings, drawings, and prints relating to anatomical dissections and demonstrations, and dead bodies for anatomical or pathological examination, including Rembrandt's famous "Anatomical Lecture," old and modern portraits of Vesalius and others dissecting, or about to dissect or demonstrate, fall under this heading. A great number of famous dissection pictures (chiefly Dutch "anatomies" of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) are beautifully illustrated in the second edition. of E. Holländer's Die Medizin in der klassischen Malerei,24 Several anatomical illustrations, dissection scenes, and representations of post-mortem examinations, of the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, are reproduced in Charles Singer's "Study in Early Renaissance Anatomy" (published in Studies in the History and Method of Science,

248 Second edition, Stuttgart, 1913, pp. 15-87. The oldest known pictorial representation of a formal dissection of the human body is said to be a miniature in an illuminated manuscript copy of Guy de Chauliac's Chirurgia magna (fourteenth century), in the library of the University of Montpellier (France). An illustration of this miniature is given in A. H. Buck's The Growth of Medicine (1917, Fig. 9), after Eugen Holländer's above-mentioned work, Die Medizin in der klassischen Malerei, second edition, 1913, p. 29, fig. 16.

Oxford, 1917, pp. 79-164). These include illustrations for the works of Mondino (Mundinus), Henri de Mondeville, Guy de Vigevano, Guy de Chauliac, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, Hieronymo Manfredi (who became Professor of Medicine at the University of Bologna in 1463), and Berengario da Carpi (Professor of Surgery at Bologna, 1502-1527). Singer likewise reproduces one of the wonderful anatomical sketches by Leonardo da Vinci (from an original drawing in the library of Windsor Castle), and the famous drawing of two men dissecting a corpse, attributed to the Italian painter Bartolomeo Manfredi (original in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford). The two dissectors in the last scene are traditionally said to be the great Michael Angelo and Marcantonio della Torre (1473-1506). An interesting contemporary painting in the Hunterian Library at Glasgow pictures John Banister (1533-1610) delivering the "Visceral Lecture" at the Barber-Surgeons' Hall in London, 1581.24 There exist also various satirical or comical representations (including "initial letter" subjects, &c.) relating to anatomical demonstrations, dissections, and post-mortem examinations.250

In this group I would likewise place the medals (bearing the device of human skulls) of F. J. Gall (1758-1828), the founder of the so-called "phrenological doctrine," of J. F. Blumenbach (1752-1840), the anatomist and anthropologist, and of the naturalist, Prof. Karl Vogt of Geneva (1817-1895); and certain medals (with

219 See D'Arcy Power, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of the History of Medicine, 1913, vi. p. 19.

250 Representations on old illuminated manuscripts of the removal of the heart or intestines from dead bodies previously to burial, may be mistaken for early pictures of post-mortem examinations.

skulls or skeletons on them) relating to medical and allied sciences, for instance, the medals of the Company of Surgeons and the present Royal College of Surgeons of England representing the story of Galen and the skeleton of the robber.

No medals have as yet been designed referring to death from the standpoint of the doctrine of the immortality of germ-plasm (August Weismann, &c.).

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