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factious reformers, as begot fuch a confufion by the feveral defires and defigns in many of the Members of that Parliament (all did never confent) and at laft in the very common people of this nation, that they were so loft by contrary defigns, fears, and confufions, as to believe the Scots and their Covenant would reftore them to that former tranquillity which they had loft. And to that end the Prefbyterian party of this nation did again, in the year 1643, invite the Scotch Covenanters back into England: And hither they came marching with it gloriously upon their pikes and in their hats, with this motto," FOR THE CROWN 66 AND COVENANT OF BOTH KINGDOMS."-This I faw and fuffered by it. But when I look back upon the ruin of families, the bloodshed, the decay of common honefty, and how the former piety and plain-dealing of this now finful nation is turned into cruelty and cunning, when I confider this, I praise God that he prevented me from being of that party which helped to bring in this Covenant, and those fad confufions that have followed it". And I have been the bolder to say this of myself, because in a fad difcourfe with Dr. Sanderson, I heard him make the like grateful acknowledgment.

This digrefsion is intended for the better information of the reader in what will follow concerning Dr. Sanderfon. And first, that the Covenanters of this nation, and their party in Parliament, made many exceptions against the Common-prayer and ceremonies of the Church, and feemed reftlefs for another Reformation: And though their defires feemed not reasonable

e See a copy of this "Solemn League and Covenant for Reformation and Defence of Religion, the Honour and Happiness of the King; and the Peace and Safety of the three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland,” in “Lord Clarendon's History of the Rebellion," Vol. II, P. 373.

This Covenant was recommended to the common people, by their preachers, in very ftrange language." See that the Covenant be both "taken and performed. It is the Covenant of the Moft High God, who will "be much provoked sure with the neglect of it. You have holden forth a pious example in entering into our Solemn League and Covenant for "Reformation, like the honoured Prince Jofiah, and that with the fame "fincerity. Oh! accompany that King one step farther, in caufing all in

Jerufalem and Benjamin to make it and fand to it, when they have "made it." (John Strickland's Sermon before the Lords, Nov. 5, 1644, p. 5.) England fhall be England, or a Sodom and Gomorrab, according as it keeps or breaks the Covenant." (Lazarus Seaman's Fast Sermon before the Commons, Sept. 25, 1644, p. 45.)“ A Covenant is a golden girdle to tie us fatt to God; it is a joining and glewing our"felves to the Lord: It is a binding ourselves apprentice to God: It is not only commendable but very necefsary (and for this caufe you are "met here this day); to enter into a bond a fecond time, to bind and "enrol yourselves again unto the Lord, to make up this hedge, to tie this golden girdle, and to join and glew yourselves once more unto the Lord, "in a perpetual Covenant never to be forgotten.' (Edm. Calamy's Sermon before the Lord Mayor, Jan. 14, 1645, entitled, The great Danger of Covenant-refusing and Covenant-breaking, p. 2.)

to the King and the learned Dr. Laud, then Archbishop of Canterbury, and many others; yet to quiet their confciences, and prevent future confufion, they did in the year 1641 defire Dr. Sanderson to call two more of the Convocation to advise with him, and that he would then draw up fome fuch fafe alterations as he thought fit in the fervice-book, and abate fome of the ceremonies that were least material, for fatisfying their confciences; and to this end he and two others did meet together privately twice a week at the Dean of Weftminster's houfe, for the space of five months or more. But not long after that time, when Dr. Sanderson had made the Reformation ready for a view, the Church and State were both fallen into fuch a confufion, that Dr. Sanderson's model for Reformation became then useless. Nevertheless the repute of his moderation and wisdom was fuch, that he was in the year 1642 propofed by both Houses of Parliament to the King then in Oxford, to be one of their trustees for the fettling of Church affairs, and was allowed of by the King to be fo; but that treaty came to nothing.

In the year 1643, the two Houses of Parliament took upon them to make an ordinance, and call an Afsembly of Divines, to debate and fettle Church-controverfies; of which many that were elected were very unfit to judge; in which Dr. Sanderson was alfo named by the Parliament, but did not appear; I fup

f Dr. JOHN WILLIAMS was then Dean of Westminster. He held this Deanery in commendam during the whole time of his being Bishop of Lincoln, and likewife three years after his tranflation to York. (Le Neve.)

g Thomas Lord Fairfax, the Parliament's General, was wont to call this Afsembly, which confifted chiefly of Prefbyterians, "The Chariots "and Horsemen of Ifrael." Mr. Baxter denominates it "The Learned "and Pious Synod at Weftminfter." The order for convening it is inferted in "Sir William Dugdale's View," p. 902.

Of the Members of this Afsembly, Lord Clarendon obferves, (Hist. of the Rebellion, Vol. I. p. 530.) that, "of about one hundred and twenty of which it was to confift, there were not above twenty, who were not "declared and avowed enemies to the doctrine or difcipline of the Church " of England; fome of them infamous in their lives and converfations; " and most of them of very mean parts in learning, if not of fcandalous "ignorance, and of no other reputation than of malice to the Church of "England." The famous Selden, one of their lay afsefsors, took great delight in expofing their want of learning. When they cited a text to prove their afsertions, he would tell them, "Perhaps in your gilt little pocket Bibles" (which they would often pull out and read), the tranflation may be thus; but the Greek and Hebrew fignifies thus and thus;" and fo would totally filence them. See "Whitlock's Memoirs," p. 68. member of this Alsembly received a falary of four fillings a day, much too little, as fome thought, for men of their merit; others grumbling at it as too much for, what by them was performed. (Fuller's Church His tory, B. X. p. 200.)—“ Our English Alsembly fate humdrumming several years, and after all expectation brought forth nothing worth a meufe.” (Foulis's Hist. of Wicked Plots, &c. p. 207.)

Each

pose for the fame reason that many other worthy and learned men did forbear, the fummons wanting the King's authority.

And here I must look back and tell the reader, that in the year 1642, he was (July 21) named by a more undoubted authority to a more noble employment, which was to be Professor Regius of Divinity in Oxford; but though knowledge be faid to puff up, yet his modefty, and too mean an opinion of his great abilities, and fome other real or pretended reasons, exprefsed in his fpeech, when he first appeared in the chair, and fince printed, kept him from entering into it till October 1646b.

He did for about a year's time continue to read his matchless lectures, which were firft de Juramento, a point very seraphical and as difficult, and at that time very dangerous to be handled as it ought to be. But this learned man, as he was eminently furnished with abilities to fatisfy the confciences of men upon that important subject; so he wanted not courage to afsert the true obligation of oaths, in a degenerate age, when men had made perjury a main part, or at leaft very useful to their religion. How much the learned world stands obliged to him for thefe and his following lectures de Confcientia, I fhall not attempt to declare, as being very fenfible that the best pens fall fhort in the commendation of them; fo that I fhall only add, that they continue to this day, and will do for ever, as a complete standard for the refolution of the most material doubts in that part of cafuistical divinity: And therefore I proceed to tell the reader, that about the time of his reading thofe lectures (the King being then prifoner in the Isle of Wight) that part of the Parliament then at Westminster sent the Covenant, the Negative Oath, and I know not what more to Oxford, to be taken by the Doctor of the Chair, and all Heads of Houfes. And all the other inferior Scholars, of what degree foever, were alfo to take these oaths by a fixed day; for those that did not were to abandon their Colleges and the University too within twenty four hours after the beating of a drumi; and if they remained longer, they were to be proceeded against as fpies.

Dr. Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Strafford, and many others had been formerly murdered, but the King yet was not; and the University had yet fome faint hopes that

h Upon the promotion of Dr. John Prideaux to the See of Worcester, Dr. Sanderfon was appointed the King's Professor in Divinity, July 21, 1642, and was ejected by the Parliament's Vifitors, June 14, 1648. In the beginning of Auguft, 1660, he was restored. (Le Neve.)

"In 1648, the Vifitors appointed by Parliament having fat feveral times "in the lodgings of Sir Nathaniel Brent, Warden of Merton College, in the "laft yeare, but to little purpose, they proceeded, this yeare, with very great

igour to the ruin of the Univerfitie. The Members of every College were all summoned to appeare on a certaine day, and fometimes two or "three Colleges appeared in one day, and if they did not give a pofitive "aufwer, whether they would fubmit to them and their vifitation, as appointed by Parliament, they were forthwith ejected." (Life of A. Wood, by himself, p. 50, 51.)

in a treaty then in being betwixt him and them, that confined him, or pretended to be fuddenly, there might be fuch an agreement made, that the Difsenters in the Univerfity might both preferve their confciences, and the poor fubfiftence which they then enjoyed by their Colleges.

And being pofsefsed of this mistaken hope, that the men in prefent power were not yet grown fo mercilefs, as not to allow manifeft reafon for their not fubmitting to the enjoined oaths, the University appointed twenty delegates to meet, confider, and draw up a manifefto to them, why they could not take thofe oaths but by violation of their confciences: And of these delegates Dr. Sheldon, late Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Hammond, Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Morley, now Bishop of Winchefter, and that moft honeft, very learned, and as judicious. civil lawyer, Dr. Zouch, were a part; the rest I cannot now

k A predilection in favour of his own family will not, he trusts, preclude the Editor of this Work from paying his tribute of praise to the memory of Dr. Richard Zouch, the first Civilian of the age in which he lived. He de rived his defcent from the Lord Zouches of Harringworth, in Northamptonfhire, and was one of the fame family with Guido or Eudo de Zouch, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, and with William Zouch, Archbishop of York, whose military prowefs, fignally displayed in the defeat of the Scotch army near Durham, is celebrated in the annals of the English Hiftory.--Born at Anftley in Wiltshire, in 1590, he received his education in William of Wykeham's fchool, near Winchester; was matriculated in the University of Oxford in 1608, and admitted Fellow of New College in 1609. He took the degree of LL. B. June 30, 1614, and that of LL. D. April 8, 1619.

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In 1613, he published the Dove; or Pafsages of Cofmography;" a poem comprising a defcription of Afia, Africa, and Europe; dedicated to his relation, the friend of Archbishop Whitgift and of Sir Henry Wotton, the truly noble and worthy honoured Edward Lord Zouch, St. Maure or Cantelupe. He concludes this poem with an account of Great Britain. Having defcribed renowned Exeter, sweet-seated Sals-b'ry, and Bristow, the merchant's magazine, he proceeds :

*" Old Winchester, the ancient feate of kings,
"For virtue and for valour much renowned,
"So fubject unto change are earthly things,
"Inftead of diadem, with bayes is crowned;

"Where worthy WICCHAM's children now maintaine
"The fame once known by great King Arthur's traine.

"Oxford, by Ifis' cryftal ftreams confin'd,

"And well-difcerning Cambridge, Learning's payre,

"Exceli thofe lamps which once on Ida fhin'd,

"Bright Juno fhew'd, cleare Pallas, Venus faire;
But eyther of thefe thrice illuftrious eyes

"Doth brightnes, clearnesse, fairnesse, all comprise.

"As that true enfigne of the Almightie's love

Lively difplayed in the cloudy skye,

"The gazer's eye aftonished doth move

"To wonder at fuch flrange varietie;

"Rainbow-refembling London, England's blifse,
"The heav'n's great mercy, and earth's marvel is.”

name; but the whole number of the delegates requested Dr. Zouch to draw up the law part, and give it to Dr. Sanderson,

He no fooner had obtained his first degree than he became an Advocate in Doctor's Commons. Through the influence of his noble kinfman, who was then Lord of the Cinque Ports, he was elected, in 1630, a Burgess to ferve in Parliament for Hythe in Kent. In the fame year he fucceeded Dr. John Budden as Professor of Civil Law; and, in 1625, he was appointed Principal of Alban's Hall, on the death of Dr. Edward Chaloner, of the ancient family of the Chaloners of Guisborough in Yorkshire, who died of the plague at Oxford. Though a layman, he held the Prebend of Shipfton, in the Church of Salisbury, which was then firft annexed to the Law Professorship by James I.

When William Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor of the University, by a letter dated June 23, 1623, had appointed certain perfons nominated by the Convocation, to revise the statutes, and to reduce them to a better form and order, they chofe a Committee among themfelves to prepare materials for the infpection of the whole body. This Committee confifted of Robert Pink, D. D. Warden of New College, Richard Zouch, LL. D. Bryan Twine, B. D. and Mr. Peter Turner, Savilian Professor of Geometry. On the death of Lord Pembroke, Dr. Laud, then Bishop of Londen, being elected Chancellor, April 12, 1630, exerted himself with unremitting zeal in promoting the arduous work of completing a fettled and a known body of itatutes. What was begun by his noble predecessor was happily accomplished in 1634, under the aufpices of this Prelate, the most munificent patron of learning which that age produced.

The University of Oxford acquired immortal fame by their virtuous oppofition to the Solemn League and Covenant. Thofe members of that venerable Society, who joined in this oppofition, appointed twenty delegates to draw up a declaration of the motives which influenced their conduct. To Dr. Zouch was afsigned the province of compofing that part of their defence which regarded the law; whilft his friend Dr. Sanderfon, then Regius Professor of Divinity, was requested to arrange the arguments deducible from law and confcience. The whole was methodized by the latter; and, when finished, was approved in full Convocation. learned men in Europe might be apprifed of the propriety of this determi nation, it was printed in Latin, under the title of " Judicium Universitatis Oxonienfis de 1. Solenni Legâ et Feedere. 2. Juramento Negativo. 3. Or dinationibus Parliamenti circa Difciplinam et cultum, in pienâ Convocatione, 1 Junii 1647, communibus Suffragiis, Nemine contradicente, prommulgatum."

That the

In 1648, when the Vifitors appointed by Parliament exercised their powers in Oxford, Dr. Zouch acquiefced in their proceedings, actuated probably by the fame motives which induced Sir Matthew Hale to accept of a Judge's place in the Common Pleas. After a mature deliberation, that great and good man determined, "that it being abfolutely necefsary to have justice and property kept up at all times, it was no fin to take a commifsion from ufurpers, it he made no declaration of acknowledging their authority." Yet our Civilian refigned his office in the Admiralty, in which he was replaced at the restoration.

In 1653, an unprecedented violation of the public peace, attended with afsafsination, and every fpecies of infult was committed upon the New Exchange in London, by the domeitics of the Portuguese Ambassador, who was then foliciting terms of peace with Oliver Croinwell. The unbridled Impetuofity of their fury had impelled then, for two fuccefsive nights, to acts of the most favage cruelty. Several of them were apprehended and committed to prilon, the Ambassador having delivered into the hands of

the