to be sounded by a bellows or other mechanical means, and also with an efficient bell* A sailing ship shall be provided with a similar fog horn and bell. In fog, mist, or falling snow, whether by day or night, the signals described in this Article shall be used as follows; that is to say,

(a) A steamship under way shall make with her steam whistle, or other steam sound signal, at intervals of not more than two minutes, a prolonged blast.

(b) A sailing ship under way shall make with her fog horn, at intervals of not more than two minutes, when on the starboard tack one blast, when on the port tack two blasts in succession, and when with the wind abaft the beam three blasts in succession.

(c) A steam ship and a sailing ship, when not under way, shall at intervals of not more than two minutes ring the bell.

Speed of Ships to be moderate in Fog, &c.

Art. 13. Every ship, whether a sailing ship or steam ship, shall, in a fog, mist, or falling snow, go at a moderate speed.

Steering and Sailing Rules.

Art. 14. When two sailing ships are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other, as follows, viz.:

(a) A ship which is running free shall keep out of the way of a ship which is close-hauled.

(b) A ship which is close-hauled on the port tack shall keep out of the way of a ship which is close-hauled on the starboard tack.

(c) When both are running free with the wind on different sides, the ship which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other.

(d) When both are running free with the wind on the same side, the ship which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the ship which is to leeward.

(e) A ship which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of of the other ship.

Art. 15. If two ships under steam are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

This Article only applies to cases where ships are meeting end on, or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk of collision, and does not apply to two ships which must, if

* In all cases where the Regulations require a bell to be used a drum will be substituted on board Turkish vessels.

both keep on their respective courses, pass clear of each other. The only cases to which it does apply are, when each of the two ships is end on, or nearly end on, to the other; in other words, to cases in which, by day, each ship sees the masts of the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own; and by night, to cases in which each ship is in such a position as to see both the side lights of the other.

It does not apply, by day, to cases in which a ship sees another ahead crossing her own course; or by night, to cases where the red light of one ship is opposed to the red light of the other, or where the green light of one ship is opposed to the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light, or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead.

Art. 16. If two ships under steam are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the ship which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other.

Art. 17. If two ships, one of which is a sailing ship, and the other a steam ship, are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam ship shall keep out of the way of the sailing ship.

Art. 18. Every steamship, when approaching another ship, so as to involve risk of collision, shall slacken her speed or stop and reverse, if necessary.

Art. 19. In taking any course authorised or required by these Regulations, a steamship under way may indicate that course to any other ship which she has in sight by the following signals on her steam whistle, viz. :

One short blast to mean "I am directing my course to star

board."

Two short blasts to mean "I am directing my course to port.' Three short blasts to mean I am going full speed astern." The use of these signals is optional, but if they are used the course of the ship must be in accordance with the signal made.

Art. 20. Notwithstanding anything contained in any preceding Article, every ship, whether a sailing ship or a steamship, overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the overtaken ship.

Art. 21. In narrow channels every steamship shall, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fairway or mid-channel which lies on the starboard side of such ship.

Art. 22. Where by the above rules one of two ships is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course.

Art. 23. In obeying and construing these rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger.

No ship, under any circumstances, to neglect proper Precautions.

Art. 24. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any ship, or the Owner, or Master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper look out, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

Reservation of Rules for Harbours and Inland Navigation.

Art. 25. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of a special rule, duly made by local authority, relative to the navigation of any harbour, river, or inland navigation.

Special Lights for Squadrons and Convoys.

Art. 26. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any nation with respect to additional station and sigral lights for two or more ships of war or for ships sailing under convoy.

Art. 27. When a ship is in distress and requires assistance from other ships or from the shore, the following shall be the signals to be used or displayed by her, either together or separately; that is to say,

In the daytime

(1.) A gun fired at intervals of about a minute;

(2) The International Code signal of distress indicated by N C; (3) The distant sigual, consisting of a square flag, having either above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball.

At night

(1) A gun fired at intervals of about a minute;

(2) Flames on the ship (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, &c.);

(3) Rockets or shells, throwing stars of any colour or description, fired one at a time, at short intervals.

(B)

This Order in Council, dated 30th December, 1884, refers to the above Order (of the 11th August, 1884), and recites that it is thereby provided as follows:

Art. 3. A seagoing steamship when under way shall carry(a) On or in front of the foremast, at a height above the hull of not less than 20 feet, and if the breadth of the ship exceeds 20 feet, then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, a bright white light, so constructed as to show an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of

20 points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light 10 points on each side of the ship, viz., from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side, and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least five miles.

(b) On the starboard side, a green light so constructed as to show an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard side, and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least two miles.

(c) On the port side, a red light, so constructed as to show an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the port side, and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear stmosphere, at a distance of at least two miles. (d) The said green and red side lights shall be fitted with inboard screens projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow.

Art. 6. A sailing ship under way, or being towed, shall carry the same lights as are provided by Article 3 for a steam ship under way, with the exception of the white light, which she shall never

carry.

Art. 10.

(a) All fishing vessels and fishing boats of 20 tons net registered tonnage, or upwards, when under way and when not required by the following Regulations in this Article to carry and show the lights therein named, shall carry and show the same lights as other vessels under way.

The Order then proceeds to recite that the Admiralty and the Board of Trade have jointly recommended that the above Regulations shall, as regards British fishing vessels and boats when in the sea off the coast of Europe, lying north of Cape Finisterre, be modified and added to as follows:

That as regards steam vessels engaged in trawling, such vessels, if of 20 tons gross register tonnage or upwards, and having their trawls in the water, and not being stationary in consequence of their gear getting fast to a rock or other obstruction, should, if they do not carry the lights required by the said recited Article 3 of the Regulations aforesaid, be permitted to carry and show in lieu thereof and in substitution therefor, but not in addition thereto, whilst so engaged in trawling, and having their trawls in the water, and not being stationary as aforesaid, other lights of the description set forth in Part I. of the Schedule hereto; and that when under way, and not having their trawls in the

water, they should carry and show the lights required by Article 3 above recited :

And that as regards sailing vessels engaged in trawling, such vessels, if of 20 tons net register tonnage or upwards, and having their trawls in the water, and not being stationary in consequence of their gear getting fast to a rock or other obstruction, should, if they do not carry the lights required by the said recited Article 6 of the Regulations aforesaid, be permitted to carry and show in lieu thereof and in substitution therefor, but not in addition thereto, whilst so engaged in trawling, and having their trawls in the water, and not being stationary as aforesaid, other lights of the description set forth in Part II. of the Schedule hereto; and that when under way, and not having their trawls in the water, they should carry and show the lights required by Article 6 above recited.

The Order then directs that the above Regulations shall, as regards British fishing vessels and boats when in the sea off the coast of Europe, lying north of Cape Finisterre, be modified and added to as follows, viz. :-

As regards steam vessels engaged in trawling when under steam, such vessels, if of 20 tons gross register tonnage or upwards, and having their trawls in the water, and not being stationary in consequence of their gear getting fast to a rock or other obstruction, shall between sunset and sunrise either carry and show the lights required by the said recited Article 3 of the Regulations aforesaid, or shall carry and show in lieu thereof and in substitution therefor, but not in addition thereto, other lights of the description set forth in Part I. of the Schedule hereto :

As regards sailing vessels engaged in trawling, such vessels, if of 20 tons net register tonnage or upwards, and having their trawls in the water, and not being stationary in consequence of their gear getting fast to a rock or other obstruction, shall between sunset and sunrise either carry and show the lights required by the said recited Article 6 of the Regulations aforesaid, or shall carry and show in lieu thereof and in substitution therefor, but not in addition thereto, other lights of the description set forth in Part II. of the Schedule hereto.

The red and green lights, which are by this Order permitted as aforesaid to be carried in lieu of the lights required by Articles 3 and 6 of the said recited Regulations respectively, shall be of such a character as to be visible at a distance of not less than two miles on a dark night, with a clear atmosphere.

And further, that steam vessels of 20 tons gross register tonnage or upwards, and sailing vessels of 20 tons net register tonnage or upwards, engaged in trawling, when under way between sunset and sunrise, but not having their trawls in the water, shall, if steam