terfeits a pedlar's certificate; or aids in making or procures to be made such forged or counterfeited certificate; or travels with, produces, or shows any such forged or counterfeit certificate, shall for the first offence be liable to a penalty of 21., and for any subsequent offence to six months' imprisonment with hard labour.

By section 13 a person is not exempted from vagrant law on the ground of holding a certificate.

By section 14, if any pedlar is convicted of any offence under this Act, the court before which he is convicted shall indorse on his certificate a record of such conviction. The indorsements shall be evidence of the facts stated therein.

By section 15, if the chief officer of police refuses to grant or indorse a certificate, the applicant may appeal to a court of summary jurisdiction in the place where such grant, &c., was refused, but must, within one week after the refusal, give to the chief officer of police notice in writing of the appeal. The appeal shall be heard at the next sitting of the court after the expiration of the said week, but the court may, on the application of either party, adjourn the case. The court shall hear and determine the matter of the appeal, and make such order thereon as seems just. Any certificate, by order of the court, shall have the same effect as if it had been originally granted by the chief officer of police.

Section 16 provides for the pedlar being deprived of his certificate by order of the court. If convicted of begging he must be deprived.

By section 17, any pedlar shall at all times, on demand, produce his certificate to any justice of the peace; or any constable or officer of police; or any person to whom such pedlar offers his goods for sale; or any person in whose private grounds or premises such pedlar is found. And any pedlar who refuses to show his certificate to, and allow it to be read and a copy thereof to be taken by, any of the persons hereby authorized to demand it, shall for each offence be liable to a penalty not exceeding 5s.

By section 18, where a person acting as a pedlar either refuses to show his certificate or has no certificate, or refuses to allow or attempts to prevent any such opening or inspection of his pack, box, bag, trunk, or case as is authorized under this Act, it shall be lawful for any of the persons authorized to demand the production of the certificate, and also for any other person acting by his order or at his request and in his aid, to apprehend such offender, and forthwith to convey or cause him to be conveyed before a justice of the peace.

By section 19, any constable or officer of police at any time may open and inspect any pack, box, bag, trunk, or case in which a pedlar carries his goods, wares, and merchandise; and any pedlar who refuses to allow such constable or officer to open or inspect such pack, box, bag, trunk, or case, or prevents or attempts to prevent him from opening or inspecting the same, shall be liable for each offence to a penalty of 20s.

By section 22, any act or thing by this Act authorized to be done by the chief officer of police may be done by any police officer under his command authorized by him in that behalf, and the term "chief officer of police" includes the police officer so authorized.

Exemptions.-Certificates need not be obtained by commercial travellers or other persons selling or seeking orders for goods, wares, or merchandise to or from persons who are dealers therein and who buy to sell again, or selling or seeking orders for books as agents authorized in writing by the publishers of such books; sellers of vegetables, fish, fruit, or victuals; persons selling or exposing for sale goods, wares, or merchandise in any public mart, market, or fair legally established.

Persons carrying missionary bags with articles for sale are not pedlars (Greg v. Smith, 28 L. T. 555).

ACT OF 1881.-By the Pedlars Act, 1881 (44 & 45 Vict. c. 45), a pedlar's certificate shall, during the time for which

it continues in force, authorize the person to whom it is granted to act as a pedlar within any part of the United Kingdom.

HAWKERS.-The Pedlars Acts only apply to persons hawking on foot. Persons who hawk goods with a horse or other beast of burden, or a cart drawn by such, come under the provisions of the Hawkers Act (50 Geo. 3, c. 41), and are required to obtain a license from the Excise. The Act requires them to have the words "licensed hawker," together with the number, name, or other mark of distinction written or printed on license, to be painted, written, or printed, in large Roman capitals, on cart, pack, box, &c., and on all handbills distributed. The police are authorized to inspect the boxes or packs, and the hawker's license, and to apprehend persons hawking without a license, or committing any offence against the provisions of the Act.

The 24 & 25 Vict. c. 121, s. 9; and 29 & 30 Vict. c. 64, s. 11, also relate to hawkers.

Persons exempted.-Persons selling printed papers licensed by authority, fish, fruit or victuals, the real workers or makers of any goods, their children, apprentices, or known agents, tinkers, coopers, plumbers, glaziers, harness menders, and wholesale traders and persons selling coal by retail.

Penal Servitude, &c. See" Prevention of Crimes Acts," p. 262, post; also title CONVICTS, p. 120, ante.

Perjury.

Perjury is the wilfully false representation of some fact material to the question at issue, made on oath before some authority legally competent to administer it, and having jurisdiction in the matter. Subornation of perjury is procuring another to take such false oath. The offence is a misdemeanor not triable at sessions.

In general two witnesses should depose the fact sworn to,

otherwise it would only be one oath against another; strong circumstantial evidence, however, in support of the direct testimony of one witness may warrant a conviction.

Person-Offences Against.

Offences against the person are consolidated in the Act 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100. The following specific offences are treated of under the several titles pertaining thereto :"Abduction," " Assault," "Bigamy," offences against children under heading "Children," "Concealment of Birth," "Murder," "Manslaughter," "Rape," "Robbery," "Sodomy," "Wounding," &c. (See GENERAL SUBJECTS.)

The following subjects are treated of under the several sections of the Act itself (see 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100; EPITOME OF STATUTES, post) :-Injuries by Poisoning (sections 23 and 24); Injuries by Corrosive Fluid Throwing (section 29); by Use of Chloroform (section 22); Injuries by Furious Driving (section 35); by Explosive Substances, &c. (sections 28-30 and 64); Endangering Lives of Persons Travelling by Railways (sections 32-34); or in Ships (section 17); Setting Spring Guns (section 31). Section 66 of Act relates to Apprehension of Offenders; section 67 to Accessories; and section 76 to Procedure.

Personation.

By 37 & 38 Vict. c. 36, any person who shall falsely and deceitfully personate any person, or the heir, executor, or administrator, wife, widow, next-of-kin, or relation of any person with intent fraudulently to obtain any land, estate, chattel, money, valuable security, or property, shall be guilty of felony. The offence is not triable at sessions.

Any person falsely representing himself as any particular man in the regular reserve or auxiliary forces is guilty of personation (44 & 45 Vict. c. 58, s. 142, sub-sect. 2; and see sub-section 3 as to person guilty of offence under False Personation Act, 1874, in relation to any military pay, pension, &c.).

Petroleum.

The Acts relating to petroleum are 34 & 35 Vict. c. 105; 42 & 43 Vict. c. 47; and 44 & 45 Vict. c. 67. The first states the conditions as to the keeping of petroleum, the granting of licenses by local authorities, and the mode of storage, conveyance, and testing.

Definition.-Petroleum as defined in this Act includes any rock oil, Rangoon oil, Burmah oil, oil made from petroleum, coal, schist, shale, peat, or other bituminous substance, and any products of petroleum or any of the above mentioned oils, which, when tested in the manner prescribed in the schedule to 42 & 43 Vict. c. 47, gives off an inflammable vapour at a temperature of less that 73 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer.

Storage of petroleum.-Petroleum must not be kept except by license of local authority; if such license is not obtained the petroleum, with the vessel containing it, will be forfeited, and in addition to such forfeiture a penalty will be incurred by the occupier of the place in which it is kept of not more than 201. a day for each day the petroleum is so kept. If the petroleum is kept in separate vessels each containing not more than a pint, and is securely stopped, or if the total amount kept does not exceed three gallons, this forfeiture and penalty does not apply.

Dealers in petroleum are required to show their place of storage to the officer of the local authority upon his producing a certified copy of his appointment, and to sell him. samples of the petroleum they keep. Penalty for refusing or obstructing such officer not to exceed 201. (sections 11 and 12).

Hawking petroleum.-Persons licensed to keep petroleum may, if they also hold a hawker's or pedlar's license, hawk petroleum either by themselves or by their servants. The