FIRES.-Every person who wilfully sets or causes to be set on fire any chimney within the limits of the special Act shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 5l.: provided always, that nothing herein contained shall exempt the person so setting or causing to be set on fire any chimney from liability to be indicted for felony (section 30).

If any chimney accidentally catch or be on fire within the said limits, the person occupying or using the premises in which such chimney is situated shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 10s.: provided always, that such forfeiture shall not be incurred if such person prove to the satisfaction of the justice before whom the case is heard that such fire was in nowise owing to omission, neglect, or carelessness of himself or servant (section 31).

PLACES OF PUBLIC RESORT.-Harbouring constable.-Every victualler or keeper of any public house, or person licensed to sell wine, spirits, beer, cider, or other fermented or distilled liquors by retail, to be drunk or consumed on the premises within the limits of the special Act, who knowingly harbours or entertains or suffers to remain in his public house or place wherein he carries on his business, any constable during any part of the time appointed for his being on duty, unless for the purpose of quelling any disturbance or restoring order, shall for every such offence be liable to a penalty not exceeding 20s. (section 84).

Harbouring thieves, &c.-Every person keeping any house, shop, room, or other place of public resort (c) within the limits of the special Act for the sale or consumption of refreshments of any kind, who knowingly suffers common prostitutes or reputed thieves to assemble at and continue in

(c) A public house is a place of public resort: Cole v. Coulton, 29 L. T. 125.

his premises, shall for every such offence be liable to a penalty not exceeding 5l. (section 35).

BAITING ANIMALS.-Every person who within the limits of the special Act keeps or uses or acts in the management of any house, room, pit, or other place for the purpose of fighting, baiting, or worrying any animals shall be liable to a penalty of not more than 5l., or, in the discretion of the justices before whom he is convicted, to imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding one month; and the commissioners may by order in writing authorize the superintendent constable, with such constables as he thinks necessary, to enter any premises kept or used for any of the purposes aforesaid, and take into custody all persons found therein without lawful excuse, and every person so found shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 5s.; and a conviction for this offence shall not exempt the owner, keeper, or manager of any such house, room, pit, or place from any penal consequence to which he is liable for the nuisance thereby occasioned (section 36).

HACKNEY CARRIAGES.-Proprietors and drivers of hackney carriages are liable to penalties for certain offences:

Plying for hire without a license; proprietors neglecting to retain license of drivers when in their employ, or failing to produce the same when summoned before justices; neglecting or refusing to carry the prescribed number of passengers as indicated on carriage; refusing to drive without reasonable excuse; demanding more than the sum agreed for, though less than the legal fare; drivers exacting more than the proper fare (section 55); leaving carriages unattended at places of public resort; improperly standing with carriage, obstructing any other driver, or depriving him of his fare (sections 45 to 64).

Offences by hirer.-Refusing to pay proper fare (section 66); injuring carriage, &c.

PUBLIC BATHING.-The local authority can make bye-laws for regulating the manner in which bathing-machines may be used for preventing indecent exposure, the distance at which boats shall be kept from bathers, and the charges to be made for use of machines (section 69).

PROCEDURE. The proceedings for the recovery of penalties will be the same as under the Towns Improvement Clauses Act, 1847. Under some of the sections one justice may convict; but where the procedure is under the Public Health Act the hearing and conviction must be before two justices. When the conviction is by one justice, the sum adjudged to be paid must not exceed 20s., and the imprisonment must not exceed fourteen days.

BYE-LAWS.-The Towns Improvement Clauses Act, 1847, with respect to bye-laws is incorporated as to publication of such bye-laws; see section 205 of that statute.

Trades Unions.

The law as to trades unions was amended by 84 & 35 Vict. c. 31.

Trades Unions are not unlawful by reason merely that they are in restraint of trade.

An important alteration as to definition of "Trades Unions" is made by section 16 of 39 & 40 Vict. c. 22. See title INTIMIDATION, p. 221, ante.

Training and Drilling.

Meetings of persons for the purpose of training or drilling to use arms, or practising military exercises without lawful authority, are prohibited, and offenders are liable to fine and imprisonment.

Persons present at such meetings for the purpose of training others are liable to penal servitude for seven years (60 Geo. 3, c. 1).

Tramways.

33 & 34 Vict. c. 78, regulates the construction and working of tramways.

By section 50, any person who wilfully places any stones, dirt, wood, or refuse, or other material, on any part of a tramway, or who does, or causes to be done, anything in such manner as to obstruct any carriage using a tramway, or knowingly aids or assists in the doing of any such thing, is liable to a penalty of 5l., in addition to any other proceedings. The Act empowers local authorities to make bye-laws regarding rate of speed, distance to be observed between cars, stopping places, &c.

Treason.

High treason. The 25 Edw. 3, c. 3, deals with the crime of treason. This Act has been extended by 35 Geo. 3, c. 7, and 11 and 12 Vict. c. 12. By 5 & 6 Vict. c. 51, s. 2, it is a high misdemeanor to discharge any gun, &c., or to throw at or near the person of the Queen any substance, &c.

By 11 & 12 Vict. c. 12, s. 3, it is treason felony to compass, or intend to depose, &c., the Sovereign, or to levy war, &c., against the Sovereign.

Misprision of treason.-Every one who knows that any other person has committed high treason, and does not within a reasonable time give information thereof, is guilty of misprision of treason, and is liable to imprisonment for life. See also title SEDITION, TRAINING AND DRILLING, ante.

Treasure Trove.

Treasure trove, or treasure found, is where any money or coin, gold, silver, plate, or bullion is found hidden in the earth or other private place, the owner thereof being unknown, in which case the treasure belongs to the Queen, the finder receiving the full bullion value from the Lord Commissioners of the Treasury.

Trespass.

A mere entry on the land of another, provided it be not a forcible entry (see pp. 3 and 190), is not a criminal offence, but one for which an action will lie and damages may be claimed; but refusal to leave on request may constitute conduct which may tend to provoke a breach of the peace.

Where an occupier finds a person in his house who, though he has perhaps entered peaceably, refuses to leave, there is nothing to prevent the police aiding such occupier in the assertion of his civil rights by assisting the occupier in turning out the person improperly there, although such person is only a trespasser. But the constable should only act in the presence and at the express request of the lawful occupier, and he must satisfy himself that he can place reliance on the statement of the occupier as to the real facts of the case, otherwise he may find he is engaged in an unlawful transaction, and become liable to civil proceedings. The constable should himself use persuasion before laying hands on the person, and he should on no account arrest or detain him unless he has some other charge against him.