subjected to desultory attacks from time to time and to a fierce final assault on the night of August 13, were on the following day relieved by the entrance into Peking of the allied forces.

During the course of the insurrectionary troubles in the Philippines the Navy took an active and creditable part. Owing to the nature of the service unusual demands were made upon the commissioned and enlisted personnel, calling for the qualities of tact and discretion as well as for a high standard of efficiency and courage. The smaller vessels which were captured during the course of the Spanish war were organized into subordinate detachments and squadrons, and afforded effective support and aid to the army in suppressing the various otubreaks which preceded the establishment of civil government in the islands.

Record at the Isthmus.

The instant readiness of the Navy of the United States to perform any service or any duty was exemplified by the events on the Isthmus which began with the landing of troops on November 3, 1903, with intent to disturb the peaceful conditions which were guaranteed by the United States within the zone crossed by the isthmian railroad. On the morning of November 3 four hundred Colombian troops were landed at Colon; when refused transit over the isthmian railroad and on learning of the Panama revolution in the city of Panama, their commanding officer threatened to open fire on the city of Colon and kill every United States citizen. Commander John Hubbard of the U. S. S. Nashville immediately landed a force for the protection of the town, and, though outnumbered by the Colombian troops, by the firmness of his front and his determination to protect the town and the peace of the Isthmus at all hazards, secured the withdrawal of the threat and the abandonment of Colon by the Colombian troops, who returned to Cartagena on the following day.

The mobilization of an effective force to insure the continuation of peace on the Isthmus was rapidly carried out by the Navy Department. The preparation for the ordinary course of duty made by the constitution of a Caribbean squadron was found ample, with the addition of a small force of torpedo boats and special service vessels, not only for the purpose of maintaining peace, but for an extended series of observations and surveys along little known parts of the isthmian coast. The tact and effective diplomacy which universally marks the intercourse. of the Navy of the United States with the people and representatives of foreign nations assisted materially in restoring confidence among the people of the Isthmus and in allaying misapprehensions as to the intention of the presence of the Caribbean squadron in those waters.

For the purpose of still further assuring the peace of the Isthmus, battalions of marines to the total number of 1,300 were dispatched to the Isthmus, the whole being under the command of the Brigadier-General Commandant. From the moment the order for the mobilization of the marines was given to that of the arrangement for stationing the marines on the Isthmus under the terms of the treaty of Panama, the progress of the movement was frictionless. Transportation from the United States with the necessary stores arrived at League Island coincidentally with the companies of marines ordered to the Isthmus and sailed for their destination on the moment appointed. On the Isthmus sanitary conditions were quickly established, and dispositions made so that the tour of duty was accomplished without the loss of a life from tropical conditions and with results in the maintenance of the general health of the battalions that has never been equalled in similar tropical service.

Increase of Naval Strength.

But the claims of the administration of the Navy to the approval of the people rest not alone on its war record. The upbuilding of the new Navy has gone steadily forward, and Congress has cooperated with the Department in the desire to materially increase our naval strength.

The platform of the Republican party adopted at St. Louis, July 17, 1896, said:

"The peace and security of the Republic and the maintenance of its rightful influence among the nations of the earth demand a naval power commensurate with its position and responsibility. We therefore favor the continued enlargement of the Navy."

It has been a source of pride to the citizens of the United States that the upbuilding of the Navy has not been a partisan undertaking. The new Navy, based upon the investigations undertaken by a Republican administration, had its inception in the authorization of four ships by a Congress in which the Republicans held the lower House by a small majority and in which the Senate was almost equally divided.

Since that Congress there have been five Congresses in which the Democratic party has held the majority of votes of the lower House, in which propositions for appropriations originate, and five (not counting the present Congress) in which the Republican party has had the preponderance of influence. With the additions to the Navy contemplated in the naval appropriation bill for 1904-5, the authorizations of ships for the increase of the Navy of the United States are shown in comparison by the following table:

Since the 4th of March, 1897, Congress has authorized the construction of 76 ships with a total displacement of 404,668 tons. This includes 15 battle ships of the first class, 8 armored cruisers of the first class, 4 monitors, 9 protected cruisers, 35 torpedo boats, surface and submarine; 3 gunboats, and 2 training ships. The naval appropriation bill for the fiscal year 1904-5 contains in addition the authorization of one battle ship, two armored cruisers, and three scout cruisers, of a total displacement of 56,250 tons, with two colliers, making a total authorization since the above date of 84 vessels with a total displacement of approximately 475,000 tons.

There have been completed under Republican administration since the 4th of March, 1896, 76 vessels of war with a total tonnage of 144,000 tons. This includes 8 battle ships, 4 monitors, 4 protected cruisers, 9 gunboats, and 51 torpedo boats and torpedoboat destroyers.

A strong Navy not only adds to our prestige abroad, but makes the rights of our country respected wherever they may exist. The money expended does its part in lending a stimulus in many branches of trade and manufacture and in the employment of labor.

The industrial operations involved in building and maintaining the navy of the United States are so wide-spread that it is difficult to make a comprehensive estimate of the employment afforded. In operations conducted by the department itself, not less than an average of 22,000 men are employed, while in the private enterprises carrying out naval construction work, the estimate of 15,000 men is a conservative one. If the labor employed in producing the miscellaneous supplies and fittings of the Navy

is considered, together with the number included in the personnel of the Navy and Marine Corps, a total of over 100,000 men may safely be arrived at who are afforded steady and remunerative employment in maintaining this national safeguard, the cost of which, as shown by the last report of the Secretary of the Navy, is but seven-tenths of a mill on each dollar of national valuation.

High Standard of Efficiency Attained.

It is not too much to say that as the result of eight years of Republican administration, aided by the lessons which were taught by the period of active service of the Spanish war, the Navy of the United States is better equipped, better organized, in a higher state of efficiency than ever before in the history of the United States. In the administration of President McKinley and through its efforts legislation was effected reorganizing the personnel of the Navy and creating salutary changes, which have placed the organization on a much more satisfactory basis, increased the flow of promotion so that officers are brought to command rank at a much earlier age, and have eliminated conditions which were long a source of dissatisfaction. The increased provision of ships has made it possible to create fleet dispositions and exercise the vessels on the various stations in squadron formations to an extent that has not previously been possible. The excellent effect of the development of fleet work in the Navy is shown in the marked increase in the general efficiency of the Navy and by rapid progress in the matter of marksmanship with all classes of guns. In the successive target practices of the two years last past a general standard of marksmanship has been attained equaling that of any navy in the world, while the world's record for shooting with heavy guns has been more than once raised and again broken.

As a result of the responsibilities which grew out of the Spanish war, the need of naval stations outside of the continental limits of the United States became imperative. The long-neglected gateway to the southern coasts of the United States through the West Indian channels has been protected by the formation of a squadron to be permanently stationed in the Caribbean. In order to secure an effective base for the operations of this squadron, territory for a naval station was secured by treaty provisions with Cuba at Guantanamo and the proper development of this base has been undertaken. When the moderate provision proposed for a naval base at this point is completed, a means of defense at a distance from the shores of the United States will have been provided for the southern coasts, and an important factor in the defense of the entrance of the Isthmian canal established.

The needs of the fleet which has done such effective work in Asiatic waters also brought the requirement of a better naval base than that afforded by the station at Cavite. An ideal location has been selected at Olongapo, on Subig Bay, and this easily defended and accessible base will be made the refitting and supply station of United States ships in Asiatic waters.

Young Native-Born Men Attracted to the Service.

It is also to be noted that under Republican administration, the Navy has been exceptionally successful in attracting the services of the young men of the nation to a most creditable degree. As late as 1889 it was stated in a report of Secretary of the Navy Tracy that "at the present time crews of our naval vessels are in large part composed of foreigners." For the year 1903, 90.7 per cent. of the enlisted men were citizens of the United States and nearly eighty per cent. were native born. Of the 12,934 enlistments effected in 1903 a very large proportion came from the States of the West and Middle West, and the splendid examples of American young manhood who undergo the careful training and education in seamanship and the duties of the man-of-war have developed into a class described by Admiral Dewey as the "best enlisted men in the world." The strength of the Navy on March 31, 1904, consisted of 2,060 officers and 30,751 enlisted men, while the strength of the Marine Corps carries 233 officers and 7,467 enlisted men.

It is to be noted that while the expenditures for the building up of the Navy and for providing the necessary accessories for its efficient operation have increased largely in this term of years, the

item of expenditure "salaries and expenses" has not had a proportionate increase. Thus the proportion of this item to the whole expenditures for the Navy for the fiscal years ended, respectively, on June 30 in 1894, 1895, 1896, and 1897 was 1.2 per cent in 1894; 1.4 per cent. in 1895; 1.4 per cent. in 1896, and 1.1 per cent. in 1897. The years of 1894, 1895, and 1896 were those of Democratic administration, as were also nine months of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1897. Of the six succeeding fiscal years, which are years wholly of Republican administration, the proportion of “salaries and expenses" to total expenditures is, in 1898, 0.7 per cent; 1899, 0.6 per cent; 1900, 0.7 per cent; 1901, 0.7 per cent; 1902, 0.7 per cent; 1903, 0.6 per cent.

Our Naval Stations in Cuba.

In accordance with the seventh stipulation of the "Platt Amendment," the Cuban authorities have already transferred to the United States Navy Department two sections of Cuban territory for the establishment of United States naval and coaling stations--one on the south coast and one on the north coast. The southern station is at Guantanamo, and includes a large tract of 18,500 acres of land, bordering on one of the best harbors of Cuba. The northern station is at Bahia Honda, a bay about forty miles east of Habana, and includes a tract of about 1,000 acres. Both stations are highly satisfactory to the United States naval authorities, and the negotiations regarding their selection and transfer have been eminently amicable and cordial on both sides. By the terms of the agreements the stations are to be leased to the United States at an annual rental of $2,000, which is universally considered by the United States authorities as a mark of great generosity and good will on the part of the Cubans. Congress has already appropriated $311,000 to begin work on the station at Guantanamo, which is a position of great strategic importance and value, effectually guardinig all the Caribbean approaches, and it will greatly strengthen the most vulnerable coast line of the United States. The station at Bahia Honda, the development of which will be attended to later, will also prove very useful to this country.

Under the stipulation included in the negotiations between the United States and Cuba, there has been placed at the disposal of the Navy Department certain sections of Cuban territory for the establishment of naval and coaling stations. The details of these arrangements have been carried out in a spirit of friendliness and mutual accommodation which has been the source of universal satisfaction. The defense of the independence of Cuba, as well as the protection of the entrance of the Panama Canal and of the Gulf coast of the United States, which has during its history been vulnerable and open to attack from the direction of the Caribbean, has been assured by the far-sighted policy of both governments in setting aside at Guantanamo Bay, on the south coast of Cuba, a tract of land surrounding the best harbor on the coast for the purpose of the establishment of an adequate naval station and base for the use of the vessels of the United States in these southern waters.

In February, 1903, an agreement was signed by the President of the Cuban Republic and by the President of the United States providing for the lease to the United States of land at Guantanamo, amounting to about 18,500 acres, and at Bahia Honda, a bay some forty miles from Habana on the north coast of Cuba, amounting to about a thousand acres. By a further treaty, ratifications of which were exchanged in Washington October 6, 1903, the annual rental for these lands was fixed at two thousand dollars, American gold, so long as the United States should occupy the land. Under the various agreements the United States has full power and jurisdiction to occupy the land for the purposes of naval bases, and amicable arrangements have been made to prevent all-conflict of jurisdiction.

Appropriations of $300,000 have been made available by the Congress of the United States to provide for the inception of the work at Guantanamo, the location at Bahia Honda being reserved for development at a future date as the necessities of the situation develop. The leasehold at Guantanamo is a most gratifying acquisition in every respect. A capacious harbor with ample depth of

water is surrounded by land which may be improved readily for the purposes of a naval station. It is strategically the most important point on the south coast of Cuba, being within easy distance of all the important channels opening into the Caribbean. Its acquisition and the development of a naval station there is the most important step in the national defense that has been taken in recent years, since it will effectually guard the most vulnerable coast line of the United States. As a guaranty of the predominance of the influence of the United States in southern waters the value of this concession is inestimable, as the wisdom of its acquisition is undoubted, while the liberality of the terms on which the Government of Cuba effected the lease is an indication of the substantial nature of the friendly relations existing between the two nations.

Surveys which have been made at Bahia Honda develop the fact of a large anchorage for deep-draft vessels, and while it is not the intention to inaugurate improvements there at present, the location affords an effective base for coaling from ships and as a point from which effective defense of the waters immediately between Cuba and the United States may be made.

I am a protectionist because I think by that policy the workmen of America will be well paid and not underpaid.-Hon. George F. Hoar.

Protection creates a home market, without which the cultivators of land in America would be but a little better off than our aborigines.-Hon. J. S. Morrill.

Our appeal is not to a false philosophy or vain theories, but to the masses of the American people, the plain, practical people whom Lincoln loved and trusted and whom the Republican Party has always faithfully striven to serve.-Maj. McKinley to Notification Committee, 1896.

The Republican party stands now, as it has always stood, and always will stand, for sound money with which to measure the exchanges of the people; for a dollar that is not only good at home, but good in every market place in the world.-Major McKinley to Young Men's Republican Club, June 26, 1896.

The prosperity of any of us can be best attained by measures that will promote the prosperity of all. The poorest motto upon which an American can act is the motto of "Some men down" and the safest to follow is that of "All men up."-Vice-President Roosevelt at opening of Pan-American Exposition, May 20, 1901.

No matter how capital combines or how labor combines or how they differ among themselves, their interests are inseparable and it ought to be plain to both that they can not afford to go out of business in favor of foreign labor and foreign capital by abandoning the policy of protection.-Hon. E. L. Hamilton, in Congress, April 14, 1904.

That whenever the need arises there should be a readjustment of the tariff schedules is undoubted; but such changes can with safety be made only by those whose devotion to the principle of a protective tariff is beyond question, for otherwise the charges would amount not to readjustment but to repeal. The readjustment when made must maintain and not destroy the protective principle,-President Roosevelt's speech accepting 1904 nomination.

A protective tariff unquestionably increases the rewards of labor (a) by creating a demand for skilled labor, (b) by diversifying the kinds of labor in a country and thus differentiating both demand and supply, and (c) by making for producers of every kind a home market. This increase of the laborer's reward is not confined to the protected industries, but elevates wages in every sphere (a) by the sympathetic effect of high wages generally, and (b) by withdrawing from the nonprotected industries and from agriculture a surplus of wage-earners who would divide and reduce wages if they competed against each other.-David J. Hill, D. D. LL. D.. president University of Rochester.