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NETHERLANDS.

The following table shows the values of the imports and exports of the great classes of products, in thousands of guilders:

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-Imports-
1895.

Exports

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1895.

1896.

Food products...

414,636

392,239

460,107

346,042

374,992

405,627

Raw materials

299,355

305,855

355,073

201,180

212,185

246,457

Manufactured products..

205,912

175,055

195,317

220,531

185,627

189,036

Miscellaneous..

329,831

318,788

356,959

200,091

214,908

279,183

The leading articles of import and export are shown as follows, in thousands of guilders:

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The imports for home consumption, and exports from and to the leading countries, are shown

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The principal exports into the United States for the year ending June 30, 1896, were: Chemicals, drugs, dyes, $232,592; coffee, $660,478; fish, preserved, $659,568; flax, hemp, etc., unmanufactured $251,091; jewelry and precious stones, $1,516,114; oils, $286,199; spices, unground, $298,169; sugar above No. 16 D. S. $1,023,223; tin, in blocks, bars, etc., $1,253,553; tobacco, leaf, $4,710,024.

Imports from the United States were: Breadstuffs, $6,907,797; casings for sausages, $427,701; copper, ingots, bar and old, $5,335,736: cotton, unmanufactured, $556,471; fruits, including nuts, $643,960: fertilizers, $380,470; leather, $301,818; naval stores, $787,935; oil cake and oil-cake meal, $827,114; oil, mineral, refined, $6,884,733; oil, cottonseed, $1,311,540; provisions, $8,681,417, of which lard was $2,287,634; oleomargarine oil, $5,056,488; tobacco, unmanufactured, $1,152,136; wood and manufactures, $3,386,767.

Year.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF GOLD AND SILVER COIN AND BULLION.

1893..
1894.
1895.
1896.

Gold

Imports.

Exports.

Year.

$7,044,546

$943,333

1893..

3,258,790

263,713

1894.

1,885,000

305,124

1895.

1,956,695

84,098

1896.

--Silver

Imports.

Exports.

$951,392

2,466,758

1,128,354

$318,143 630,403 22.310

639,381

247,981

Shipping, Railroads, Post-Office, and Telegraphs. (See Index.)

Money and Circulation.

The standard coin is the 10-florin piece, weighing 6.720 grammes .900 fine, and thus containing 6.048 grammes of fine gold. The unit of the silver coinage is the florin, weighing 10 grammes .945 fine, and containing 9.45 grammes of fine silver.

Gold is legal tender, and the silver coins issued before 1875.

For gold and silver coins, see Index.

The total circulation was valued as follows, in thousands of guilders:

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The Bank of the Netherlands, a private institution, is the only bank authorized to issue banknotes. Its condition is shown as follows, in thousands of guilders:

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A more detailed statement of its affairs on December 30, 1897, follows:

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The bank keeps the State treasury and the cash of the State Postal Savings-Bank. It receives 5 per cent. of the clear gains; the remainder is divided between the State and the bank.

There are 282 savings-banks, all private, having 19,186,000 guilders of deposits. Besides these, there is a State postal savings-bank, established in 1881, with 23,220,000 guilders of deposits.

SWITZERLAND.

SWITZERLAND.

In 1894, the population of Switzerland was 2,986,848, and in 1888, 2,917,754. The area of the Republic is 15,976 square miles.

The chief occupations of the population in 1888, with the numbers employed, their families and domestic servants, were:

Men and

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Members Domestic
Women. of Family. Servants.

Total.

Agriculture..

388,467

92,566

481,033

609,040

16,357

1,106,430

Mining, sylviculture, etc..

10,682

28

10,710

16,482

243

27,435

Food manufacture..

37,363

6,752

44,115

52,531

4,703

101,349

Dress, etc...

40,666

67,534

108,200

76,456

2,041

186,697

Building and furniture..

105,747

1,620

107,367

162,353

3,763

273,483

Textiles...

61,087

106,435

167.522

99,723

2,901

270,146

Machinery.

66,897

15,075

81,972

113,256

3,274

198,502

Chemicals, bookbinding, etc...

15,873

2,743

18,616

24,449

1,347

44,412

Trade...

54,037

38,256

92,293

103,484

17,730

213,507

Transport..

45,689

2,307

47,996

77,825

2,175

127,996

Public officials, sciences, etc..

35,817

14,836

50,653

64,084

12,689

127,426

Not determinable

6,608

8,261

14,869

12,416

1,254

28,539

No relation to occupation..

12,679

36,022

48,701

151,304

11,827

211,832

Total..

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Fiscal Affairs.

The chief source of revenue is from customs duties, the confederate Government having no power to levy direct taxes.

The following table gives the total revenue and expenditure of the Confederation:

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The cantons have their own local administrations and their own budgets of revenue and expenditure. In 1890, their combined revenue was 79,152,000 francs, and expenditure 80,178,000 francs. The cantonal revenues are derived partly from direct taxes on income and property, and partly from Several cantons have only indirect taxation; and over the whole about indirect duties, stamps, etc. 58 per cent. of the revenue is raised in this form.

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The public debt of the Confederation amounted on January 1, 1897, to 80,870,763 francs, mostly at per cent. At the same date the "Federal Fortune," or State property, was. Real property, 38,476,500 francs; stock, etc., 42,849,550 francs works producing interest, 19,616,215 francs; stores not producing interest, 19,765,709 francs; various debts, 533,673 francs; inventory, 30,855,665 francs; alcohol administration, 232,130 francs; cash, 1,760,820 francs; total, 144,800,184 francs, the net Fortune being thus 60,910,745 francs.

Industries.

Out of a population of about 2,000,000 engaged in agriculture, there are about 300,000 peasant proprietors. Of the total area 28.4 per cent. is unproductive; of the productive area 35.8 per cent, is under grass and meadows, 29 per cent. under forest, 18.7 per cent. under fruit, 16.4 per cent. under crops and gardens. Rye, oats, and potatoes are the chief crops, but the bulk of food crops consumed The chief agricultural industries are the manufacture of cheese and in the country is imported.

condensed milk. The export of cheese (1896) amounts to 239,591 quintals, and of condensed milk to 186,365 quintals. In 1896, there were 108,529 horses, 1,211,613 cattle, 341,632 sheep, 415,619 goats, 394,451 swine, of the total value of £17,936,880. In 1896, the provisional census returns show: Cattle, 1,304,788; sheep, 271,432; pigs, 565,781; horses, 108,529; mules, 3,116; asses, 1,735; goats, 414,968.

The Federal alcohol régie in the year 1894-95 sold 58,268 metric quintals of spirits (36 degrees), and In Switzerland there are about 1,400 hotels, employing 34,869 metric quintals of medicated spirits. about 16,000 persons, the receipts of the hotels amounting annually to about £3,500,000.

FACTORY STATISTICS.

By the census taken on June 5, 1895, of the factories subject to the Federal factory law, the statistics thereof are shown as follows:

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Of the 200,199 operatives, there were 174,697 Swiss, 14,872 Germans, 5,124 Italians, 3,354 French, 1,896 Austrians, and 256 from different other countries.

The 152,718 horse-power was produced as follows: 87,885 by water, 53,410 by steam, 4,086 by gas and petroleum, and 7,357 by electricity.

Foreign Commerce.

For the years 1890 to 1896, inclusive, the imports for home consumption and the exports of domestic produce, and also of the precious metals, were as follows:

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The following statement shows the value of principal articles of special commerce:

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* Only the total shows the exact number of establishments. The addition of the figures would result in a higher number, because establishments engaged in several industries are counted in each group.

Includes iron, imports in 1895 beinz 43,819,935 francs, exports 4,952,170 francs.

In 1897, the principal classes of articles imported were, in francs: Silks, 139,583,060; machines and vehicles, 33,259,641; mineral materials, 71,852,891; leather and shoes, 26,189,247; objects of literature, science, and art, 18,809,806; wood, 32,769,205; straw, 4,153,816; edibles, spirits, and tobacco, 271,876,629; wools, 52,537,208; iron, 58,735,553.

The principal articles exported in 1897 were, in francs: Silks, 203,941,306; machines and vehicles, 34,337,939; clock-works, 103,765,315; coloring matters, 17,314,395; objects of literature, science, and art, 8,773,191; edibles, 81,177,331; cottons, 124,979,907; precious metals, not coin, 10,319,536; woolens, 16,710,547; linen, 1,748,172. The following table shows the geographical distribution of the "special" trade of Switzerland (including bullion but not coin) :

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Exports to United States..... $13,196,469 $16,010,728 $11,450,270 $14,988,954 $14,080,033 $13,849,782 $11,380,835 Imports from United States.. 10,397

7,391

17,124

17,578

32,954

70,610 263,970

The principal articles of import from the United States for the year ending June 30, 1896, were Iron and steel and manufactures of, $12,202.

Exports to the United States were: Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc., $579,474; clocks and watches and parts, $904,697; cotton, manufactures of, $6,455,480 (including laces, edgings, etc., $5,753,885); hat trimmings, $386,671; cheese, $651,841; silk, manufactures of, $3,610,853.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF GOLD AND SILVER COIN AND BULLION.

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Switzerland being a member of the Latin Union, its monetary system conforms to that organization. The franc is the equivalent of 10 batzen and 100 rappen or centimes. The 20-franc piece is .900 fine, the 5-franc silver piece is .900 fine, the silver 2-franc, franc, and half-franc are .835 fine. At the close of 1895, there was outstanding 190,000,000 francs of bank-notes, against which a reserve was held consisting of 83,400,000 gold and 11,600,000 silver.

The estimated amount of money in circulation is placed as follows in 1896: Bank-notes. 175,000,000 francs; gold on hand and in circulation, 117,000,000; silver on hand and in circulation, 54,000,000; and nickel and copper, 5,000,000; total, 351,000,000 francs.

On December 31, 1896, there were 31 banks, with a paid-up capital of 150,525,000 francs, and a note issue of 202,400,000 francs. Their average monthly condition for 1893 is shown below:

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For other banking information, consult previous volumes of the "Commercial Year Book."

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