or Indo-Malayan region, and that this accounts for the marked community of fauna between this region and the Ethiopian as observed by BLANFORD and ALLEN. Against the prevalent theory of Oriental origin of these animals are first, the fact observed by BLANFORD and LYDEKKER in the Bugti Beds (Sind) that the Oligocene or lower Miocene fauna of the Orient is markedly European in type; second, that if these animals had originated in Asia some of them would have found their way to North America; third, the fact that all these animals appear suddenly and without any known ancestors in older geological formations. These are the main facts in favor of the Ethiopian migration hypothesis. In the meantime the unification of the North American and Eurasiatic regions was proceeding by intermigration. In the lower Oligocene the giant pigs or elotheres, the tapirs and peculiar amphibious rhinoceroses known as amynodons, found their way from America to Europe, while Europe supplied us with a few anthracotheres, both Anthracotherium and Hyopotamus. In the Miocene Europe sent us the true cats and we supplied Europe with the destructive sabre tooth tigers; in the upper Miocene Europe sent us our first deer and cattle or Cervida and Bovida, also probably the mastodons en route from Africa. In the Pliocene we supplied Europe with the rabbits and hares, and possibly with the raccoons, if the Panda belongs to this family. In the Pleistocene the camels wandered into Asia from America, while the bears passed them en route to America. These are a few instances out of many which are already well known. On the other hand certain families had an exclusively Eurasiatic history, so far as we know. 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