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trolled blister rust in the Daisy Lake Region of British Columbia offers pretty clear evidence of what the rust will do to timber now merchantable. Here large trees were seen completely killed and on one area every white pine, large and small, was dead. On this area, bark beetles, however, had apparently hastened the kill. Just what relation, if any, exists between rust infections and beetles has not been determined. It is possible the resinous sap exuding from rust cankers attract the bugs. If this is true, the kill of the merchantable white pine may be much quicker than now thought.

In any event, blister rust if not controlled will, I believe, lead to an early period of forced cutting of western white pine in order to salvage the merchantable timber before it is killed and deteriorates. The effect unquestionably will be far reaching upon forestry and the lumber industry throughout the United States in that selective cutting will be out of the question and forced cutting of the great volume of white pine in the inland empire will contribute to national overproduction of lumber which already is slowly breaking the back of the lumber industry and depreciating stumpage values to a point that precludes the practice of sustained forest management as a sound business enterprise.

For the reasons stated, I believe the blister-rust situation in the inland empire constitutes an emergency of national concern and one that should be met with the best efforts possible on the part of local, State, and Federal agencies. Unless more adequate protection is provided within the next 5 or 10 years, the situation in the view of blister-rust experts, will be out of hand. I was much impressed by the protection work now being done by the Bureau of Plant Industry and Forest Service and believe that the situation can be coped with provided more adequate funds are forthcoming. At best, control measures will call for a sum that will seem large in these days of State, Federal, and industrial poverty. The amount will depend upon the areas selected for protection. The Forest Service estimates that the best of the pine area embraces about 3,000,000 acres of which one-half is Government and one-half State and private land. To date, protection has been provided on about 100,000 acres, mostly in the Clearwater and Cour d'Alene National Forests. During the current year the following sums are being spent in the region for blister-rust control and refinement of methods of control:

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As is generally known, protection of pine against blister rust consists of eradicating currant and gooseberry plants in proximity to the pine. The wild growth of these plants in the Idaho mountains is heavy, particularly along streams where the concentration of host plants constitute the most immediate danger of rapid spread of the disease. The Bureau of Plant Industry estimates that protec tion will average $2.50 an acre or $7,200,000 to complete control work on the 3,000,000 acres of best pine land. An 8-year program of control, therefore, calls for $900,000 annually-an increase of about $550,000 over the current scale of funds now available. Prospects for additional funds from State and private sources are slight, due to the depression. The general feeling seems to be that if the blister rust emergency is met, it will have to be met pretty largely through Federal leadership and Federal funds. How far the Federal Government should go in carrying virtually the whole burden of expense is open to argument. I believe it has an obligation to take such measures as may be necessary to protect public timber of economic value. Private holdings, however, are so intermixed with Government land that adequate protection of its own timber will necessarily require the Government to extend its protection work to considerable private land.

The situation in respect to land ownership is such as to call for the cooperation of State, private, and Federal owners. Forest land ownership in the inland empire, however, is highly unstable at the present time. Cut-over lands in large amounts are reverting to the counties in lieu of taxes and many operators, I was told, have been forced to the desperate policy of "cut out and get out."

The idea of the Federal Government meeting the cost of protecting private timber, the owner of which is operating under an exploitation policy of opportunism and early liquidation, can not, in my judgment, be justified at this time. In such instances, I believe the Federal Government's cooperation in meeting the blister rust emergency should be on the same principal as fire protection under

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the Clarke-McNary Act, namely, contributions on a dollar-for-dollar basis. Where, however, a private owner guarantees permanent land management by the adoption of a sustained cutting plan and practice, the Government might exceed this ratio of cooperation in recognition of the present emergency and the economic need of keeping as much forest land in the region as possible in a permanently productive state.

I was told that with one exception the lumber companies of the inland empire have no money for blister rust control. The lumber industry of the United States which will be adversely affected by Idaho white pine being unloaded upon the markets of the country under a salvage policy has not yet given expression of what, if anything, it can or will do. Commercial and social interests of the inland empire have made no move to organize protection in their own self-interest. This is probably due in part to failure to recognize the menace and its potential influence and in part to the tremendous strain which industries and local communities are under in meeting economic problems in which they are already engulfed and in caring for the unemployed.

In view of the situation as described, I recommend that the association:

(1) Publicly declares that the blister rust situation in the inland empire constitutes an emergency in forest protection of regional and national importance that calls for the prompt and serious consideration of all agencies-local, State, and national.

(2) Support Federal aid in meeting the emergency under such measures and in such amounts as the Forest Service and the Bureau of Plant Industry may consider (1) necessary for the protection of the best pine lands owned by the Government, and (2) reasonable for cooperation with State and private agencies in the protection of State and private lands.

(3) Call upon State and community interests to make an aggressive and exhaustive effort to help meet the situation through the development of unemployment relief possibilities. The emergency has a direct bearing upon unemployment. That problem in the inland empire is large and acute at the present time, particularly from the standpoint of woods workers. Loss of the white pine resource will tend to harden the unemployment field into a permanent problem. Blister rust protection is work that should be done immediately and on the basis of an 8-year program of control would provide labor for an average of 150,000 man days per season and will at the same time tend to perpetuate the region's labor market.

What possibilities there are for the local States and agencies to obtain financial aid under the present Federal act to relieve unemployment is not clear. The wording of the act in respect to forest protection and development is cloudy, and a statement clarifying its meaning has not been forced from the Federal Finance Corporation. The inland empire might well make this a test case. The present act will undoubtedly be subject to amendment when Congress again meets, and if in its present form it does not admit the blister rust situation as a qualified relief project, possibility exists for amendment clarifying its meaning and purpose in reference to forest protection.

(4) Urge the States, communities, and industries directly concerned in the situation to take local leadership in helping to meet the emergency by applying as far as practicable local and State funds for unemployment relief by the establishment of forest work camps along the line that has proven successful in California.

The emergency is of first moment to the inland empire in that it threatens one of its most important resources. If the region does not exert its best efforts to meet it, I believe that Federal cooperation, even on the present scale, may be exceedingly difficult to obtain.

OVID BUTLER,
Executive Secretary.

Mr. COLLINGWOOD. The white pine supports a $100,000,000 industry which gives employment to 18,000 people and it is especially interesting to Doctor Summers to realize that, while it is an Idaho resource, a large part of it clears through Spokane. It becomes interstate and yet the people of Spokane and of Washington are powerless to do anything.

I merely call it to your attention and urge that the present program be continued, and if you can see fit to regard it as an emergency and perhaps expand the program.

Mr. BUCHANAN. We have too many emergencies.

Mr. COLLINGWOOD. You have heard from the two representatives of the nurserymen's association, who were here this morning, a brief mention of the gipsy moth. That is distinctly a northeastern pest which was brought in here from abroad, and if you can visualize that area from New York up the Hudson to Albany, and thence through the valley of Lake Champlain to Canada, you can see the barrier zone which has been built up. It is being largely maintained by the States. It needs, however, the Federal leadership which will come from Mr. Strong's organization, the Plant Quarantine and Control Administration.

The danger there is that the insects may escape from the barrier zone and go over into the rest of the country and thus menace not only the forest land and the shade trees but also a large portion of our fruit orchards. It is cheaper to hold it in this area than it is to attempt to control it when it gets beyond, so again I call that to your attention. Now, with regard to that forest survey, it ties right in with the whole problem of erosion.

There has been appropriated for the current year something like $100,000 to be used in studying ways of controlling erosion, a menace which affects practically the entire country, but is especially virulent in the Mississippi Valley, the lower Mississippi Valley, and portions of the Southeast and the Northwest, and of the Southwest. The Federal Government has started programs on that. It is getting information, and we feel that it is most desirable to carry it on in order that we may save a large portion of our land from the menace which China has had.

I will not say anything on timber requisition for the eastern national forests. I would like to. I realize that this is a difficult time, and we will have to get along and mark time on that; but that is one of the things which the American Forestry Association helped with in the beginning which we feel is essential to the land-use program, and I hope that you gentlemen will bear it in mind so that at the first opportunity it may be given a real appropriation to carry on that which was started back in 1911 under the Weeks Act.

There is one peculiar emergency which faces the Forest Service, which undoubtedly was brought to your attention before, and that is with regard to the recreational use of the national forests and the need of providing some form of sanitary facilities for the 13,000,000 people who go into the national forests every year. There is this year, I believe, an appropriation of $75,000 for developing campground facilities. That not only should be continued but, if possible, should be increased in order that the Federal Government may not find itself faced with the responsibility for spreading disease.

Mr. BUCHANAN. I take it there is a more serious fire hazard from improper camp grounds.

Mr. COLLINGWOOD. Yes; it is a fire hazard and a disease hazard. That, Mr. Chairman, concludes the points that I had in mind. I might have elaborated on those and brought others to your attention, but in a year like this I think it is desirable to hold down to the essentials.

Mr. SANDLIN. Perhaps you can give us some suggestions as to where to get the money for it.

Mr. COLLINGWOOD. I imagine that matter will be taken up by
other committees.

Thank you.

Index of projects, etc., covered by items in agricultural appropriation bill

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Abaca fiber investigations in Central America... Rubber, fiber, and other tropical plants (Bu. Pl. Ind.).
Abortion of animals, contagious.

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Diseases of animals (Bu. An. Ind.).

Rubber, fiber, and other trop. plants (Bu. Pl. Ind.).
Farm management (Bu. Agr. Econ.).
Forage crops and diseases (Bu. Pl. Ind.).
Enf. F. and D. Act (F. and D. Admin.).
Acq. forest lands (For. Serv.).

Act of Mar. 16, 1906 (O. E. S.).

Seed inv. (Bu. Pl. Ind.).
Aerial fire control (For. Serv.).
Aerology (Wea. Bu.).

Do.

Agr. chem. inv. (Bu. Chem. and Soils).
Perish. agr. commod. act (Bu. Agr. Econ.).
Agr. engr. inv. (Bu. Agr. Engr.).

Agr. exhibits (Ex. Serv.).

Insular exp. stations (O. E. 8.).

Farm management (Bu. Agr. Econ.).

Do.

Gen. wea, serv, and research (Wea. Bu.).

Agr. chem. inv. (Bu, Chem. and Soils).
Mark. and distr. (Bu. Agr. Econ.).

Do.

Prot. and admin. N. F. (For. Serv.).
Nematology (Bu. Pl. Ind.).
Aerology (Wea. Bu.).

Aerial fire control (For. Serv.).
Aerology (Wea. Bu.).

Dry land agr. (Bu. Pl. Ind.).

Act of Feb. 23, 1929 (O. E. S.).

Act of Feb. 23, 1929 (Ex. Serv.).

Enf. Alaska game law (Biol. Survey).
Do.
Do.

Biol. inv. (Biol. Survey).

Do.

Fruit and shade-tree insects (Bu. Ento.).
Soil fert. (Bu. Chem. and Soils).

Cereal and forage insects (Bu. Ento.).
Forage crops and diseases (Bu. Pl. Ind.).

Diseases

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Do.

Cereal and forage insects (Bu. Ento.).

Mark, and distr. (Bu. Agr. Econ.).
Cereal and forage insects (Bu. Ento.).

Do.
Do.

Truck and garden crop insects (Bu. Ento.).
Cotton prod. and diseases (Bu. Pl. Ind.).
Agr. engr. inv. (Bu. Agr. Engr.).
Forest management (For. Serv.).

Fruit and veg. crops and diseases (Bu. Pl. Ind.).

Insects affecting man and animal (Bu. Ento.).
Agr. chem. inv. (Bu. Chem. and Soils).
Hog cholera (Bu. An. Ind.).
Work for other departments (Misc.).

Diseases of animals (Bu. An. Ind.).
Improvements, N. F. (For. Serv.).

Household and stored prod. insects (Bu. Ento.).

Index of projects, etc., covered by items in agricultural appropriation bill—Con.

Subject

Appropriation item

Animal:

By-products, forage, etc., control of impor- Insp. and quar. (Bu. An. Ind.).

tation.

Contagious abortion.

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Wild, interstate commerce (Lacey Act).

Wild, relation to agriculture..

Worm treatment..

Anthrax.....

Antiseptics, inspection..

Ants:

Argentine..

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Food habits of birds and animals (Biol. Survey).
Biol. inv. (Biol. Survey).

Insects aff. man and animals (Bu. Ento.).

Control pred. animals and injurious rodents (Biol.
Survey).

Food habits of birds and animals (Biol. Survey).

Insp. and quar. (Bu. An. Ind.).

Insects aff. man and animals (Bu. Ento.).

Food habits of birds and animals (Biol. Survey).

Prot. migratory birds (Biol. Survey).

Food habits of birds and animals (Biol. Survey).
Diseases of animals (Bu. An. Ind.).

Do.

Enf. F. and D. Act (F. and D. Admin.).

Household and stored prod. insects (Bu. Ento.).

White (termites), affecting forest products. Forest insects (Bu. Ento.).

Aphids:

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Farm management (Bu. Agr. Econ.).
Nat. Arboretum (Bu. Pl. Ind.).

Dry land agr. (Bu. Pl. Ind.).
Animal husbandry (Bu. An. Ind.)

Household and stored prod. insects (Bu. Ento.).
Cotton insects (Bu. Ento.).

Prev. spread of Thurberia weevil (Bu. Pl. Quar.).
Cotton insects (Bu. Ento.).

Arlington farm (Bu. Pl. Ind.).

Cereal and forage insects (Bu. Ento.).
Toxonomy (Bu. Ento.).

Do.

Fruit and veg. crops and diseases (Bu. Pl. Iud.).
Forest management (For. Serv.).

Forest insects (Bu. Ento.).

Prev. spread of Jap beetle (Bu. Pl. Quar.).
Fruit and shade-tree insects (Bu. Ento.).

Truck and garden crop insects (Bu. Ento.).

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