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district forest inspectors located at Amherst, Mass.; Washington, D. C.; Asheville, N. C.; New Orleans, La.; and Louisville, Ky.; and through the Regional headquarters in the Lake States and in the West.

Plans and budgets are submitted to the Forest Service by the cooperating States which must have joint approval of the Federal Government and the States before they are put into effect. The expenditures reported by the States are the basis for the receipt by the States of their share of the Federal appropriation. A careful checking of the bookkeeping records of each cooperating State is one of the tasks of each district forest inspector.

During the calendar year 1931, 56,438 fires were handled by the State organizations, the reported area burned being 5,834,400 acres. The area protected in these projects during the calendar year 1931 was 228,000,000 acres. Approximately 193,000,000 acres which has been classified as needing protection receives none. The States are making constant efforts to expand their protected areas. Material increases in State and Federal funds provided for the work are essential if progress is to be made.

Progress in cooperative forest fire protection is roughly indicated by the following expenditures:

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State summary of allotments, forest fire cooperation under section 2 of the Clarke

McNary law

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State summary of allotments, forest fire cooperation under section 2 of the ClarkeMcNary law-Continued

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Mr. BUCHANAN. Here is an item I am more in sympathy with, forest-fire cooperation. The appropriation for 1932 was $1,775,000 and the appropriation for 1933 $1,611,580, the Budget estimate for 1934 being $1,601,233, or a decrease of $10,347 on account of the legislative furlough.

Will you get me up a statement under this and I would like to know about the cooperation under this and to what extent it goes. Mr. SANDLIN. There is a list there showing that.

Mr. BUCHANAN. Yes.

Major STUART. The table that accompanies the explanatory note, the table headed, "State summary of allotments, forest-fire cooperation under section 2 of the Clarke-McNary law," indicates that during the calendar year 1931 there was expended from all sources under this project $7,221,885.72. Of that amount, the State and private agencies expended $5,688,943.22 and the Federal Government expended $1,532,942.50.

As an indication of the effectiveness of the work under this item, there are 228,000,000 acres protected and there are unprotected some 193,000,000 acres. With acreages almost the same, that is, protected and unprotected, we find that there are only one-third of the number of fires on protected areas. On the protected areas there is but onetenth of the area burned, and one-fourth of the damage, which shows very conclusively that to the extent to which we are able to broaden this cooperation and have it applicable to additional forest lands we are getting results.

Mr. BUCHANAN. On this table, on page 118, there is no column here showing the respective State contributions, is there.

Major STUART. Not on that table, but I have given it in the aggregate, and I can give it to you by States, Mr. Chairman. The aggregate figure was $5,688,943.22.

Mr. BUCHANAN. You gave that a moment ago. I was just wondering what the different States contributed here. It would be well for you to rewrite and substitute for this table on page 118, which is going in the hearings, and put a column in there, even if you have to leave out one of these others, showing the State contributions.

Major STUART. I will be very glad to do that.

Would you mind, Mr. Chairman, if I just submitted a supplemental table indicating what that is. This complete table serves a very useful purpose.

Mr. BUCHANAN. That will be all right.

Major STUART. Then, I will submit for the record a statement showing the expenditures by the States and private owners for the calendar year 1931 under this item.

Mr. BUCHANAN. I presume you can depend upon practically the same character of contributions for the next fiscal year.

Major STUART. Yes, sir. We find practically no falling off as a whole in the efforts on the part of the States in their forest protection work.

COOPERATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST PLANTING STOCK

Mr. BUCHANAN. The next item is:

For cooperation with the various States in the procurement, production, and distribution of forest-tree seeds and plants in establishing windbreaks, shelter belts, and farm wood lots upon denuded or nonforested lands within such cooperating States, under the provisions of section 4 of the act entitled "An act to provide for the protection of forest lands, for the reforestation of denuded areas, for the extension of national forests, and for other purposes, in order to promote the continuous production of timber on lands chiefly suitable therefor," approved June 7, 1924 (U. S. C., title 16, sec. 567), and acts supplementary thereto, $74,730, of which amount not to exceed $1,800 may be expended for departmental personal services in the District of Columbia.

Major STUART. The following is presented for the record under this estimate:

WORK UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION

In spite of the depression which has very much retarded forest planting activities, the States distributed a total of 25,510,000 trees to farmers under these cooperative projects during the calendar year 1931, a decrease of only 300,000 trees from the number distributed in 1930. The projects resulted in the planting of about 25,500 acres of windbreaks and farm woodlots. These trees are furnished to farmers at a reasonable cost. Their planting represents direct action aimed at the profitable utilization of farm lands which are submarginal for agricultural use. In these projects, just as in the fire cooperation projects, the work is administered directly by the State agencies; the Forest Service inspects, advises, and correlates.

During the calendar year 1931, the Federal Government expended $93,334 in this project and the States $232,278, a total for both agencies of $325,612. In addition to the distribution of trees to farmers, some of the States involved are carrying on a much wider distribution to others than farmers for the reforestation of forest land. During 1931 the total distribution of trees by States, including those for planting on State land, was 103,000,000.

State summary for allotments for distribution of forest planting stock under section 4 of the Clarke-McNary law, fiscal year 1934

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1 This column includes all State funds available for tree production and distribution.

Mr. BUCHANAN. Referring to the item, Cooperative distribution of forest planting stock, the appropriation for 1932 was $95,000; the appropriation for 1933 being $79,960, and the Budget estimate for 1934, $74,730, showing a decrease of $5,230.

That decrease is only $270 reduction on account of the legislative furlough, so for the remaining decrease of $4,960, that has been procured by a curtailment in the amounts allotted to the States.

Major STUART. In this instance it would be necessary to reduce the allotments heretofore made to the States under this cooperative project; that is, cooperative distribution of forest planting sotck. The table accompanying the explanatory note under this item, and referred to as "State summary of allotments for distribution of forest planting stock under section 4 of the Clarke-McNary Law, fiscal year 1934," indicates that the States expend under this item

$213,229.44. I say expend in the sense that they devoted that much money to the project. The Federal allotment to the States for the fiscal year 1933 was $71,968.

Mr. BUCHANAN. You say that is allotments to the States? Did the States expend that themselves?

Major STUART. The expenditures for this work are made by the States. The Federal contribution is made on the basis of certification by the State of permissive expenditures. In no case have we been able to give any State under this project an initial allotment of more than $2,000.

The money is used by the States to maintain forest nurseries and distribute stock from them. The money that is contributed by the Federal Government must go toward the production and distribution of small tree stock for farmers. This fund is exclusively for that purpose.

Mr. BUCHANAN. There are 40 States in this cooperative business, I believe.

Major STUART. For the calendar year 1931, that is correct, Mr. Chairman 40 States.

We recognize the fact that there are some very substantial results come from this project not solely in the fact that the Federal Government and the States are making it possible for the farmers to obtain forest trees at reasonable prices, but it has been our experience, and it has been the experience of the State foresters, that if a landowner becomes interested to the point of actually setting out plants on forest lands, he becomes a great deal more interested in forest protection, a great deal more interested in taking care of his forest property, particularly his forest plantation, and one of the most helpful influences in forestry in the United States has been not so much the number of plants that have been planted, or the acreage covered by forest plantings, as the psychological effect of people planting trees and wanting thereafter to see that they are properly taken care of. That point of view is very prevalent in Michigan, Mr. Hart, in relation on to our Huron Plantations, where we are getting the very finest kind of cooperation in forest protection largely for the reason that the people there have a very deep and sentimental feeling toward the protection of those plantations. That is a very material factor in forest protection.

Mr. BUCHANAN. All of these plantings go to private owners?

Major STUART. These plants are sent out by the State to private owners. Many States distribute to municipalities and counties, but not under the Clarke-McNary project.

Mr. BUCHANAN. That would be private owners, as distinguished from the Federal Government.

Major STUART. None of this stock goes on Federal forest land. Mr. HART. I think we have a law in the State of Michigan practically not quite, but practically-exempting certain lands which have been designated as forest lands for reproduction. They do not bear the same taxation. It has been officially cut, and one of the things that is bringing that land to the attention of buyers and utilitizing some of its for game preserves, they are beginning to establish some private preserves in there, gathering up big tracts of land which they put into forestry and practically escape taxation, and they are work

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