Mr.'SUMMERS. What kind of paper was it that was developed up at the Wenatchee station?

Doctor WOODS. That was an oiled paper protecting against absorbing the injurious fruit emanations.

Mr. SUMMERS. That was my understanding. But now you use simply green paper without it being oiled?

Mr. EISENHOWER. That is right; to prevent rancidity. Black, of course, will do the same thing, because black absorbs all light rays. This discovery applies to all such products as butter, peanuts, lard, potato chips, mayonnaise, cookies, crackers, whole-wheat flour, corn meal, and so on.

Doctor WOODS. In the one case, with oiled paper you protect the fruit from what we call "scald." And in the other case you protect cottonseed meal, butter, or any food containing fats, from rancidity. That rancidity is produced not by bacteriological action, but by certain light rays, which are cut off by this green paper or black paper. Mr. EISENHOWER. When we made this information available by means of radio and press releases, most listeners and readers secured all the information they needed. But the people who are really going to put this new knowledge into effect-the manufacturer, the processor, the wholesaler and retailer who deal in these products-need more detailed information. They are not going to change their methods of packing merely because of something they heard over the air. Their interest is aroused, however, because it means savings or profits to them. So they write to the department for complete information about the experiment; they want to know exactly how to apply it. In that case, we need an inexpensive bulletin, costing about a cent and a half a copy, to supply complete information.

This example, Mr. Chairman, is typical of all our informational activities. I firmly believe that if our functions were understood by the public, there would be no criticisms. I am certain that most people feel it is the function of a public agency, supported by public funds, and employing specialists recognized as authorities in their fields, to supply facts and to reply to inquiries for unbiased infor

mation.

Mr. JUMP. Have not you found out, by actual test, that it costs more for us to tell correspondents who write in for information that we do not have it, than it does to send it to them in the cheap available form you just mentioned?

Mr. EISENHOWER. The department estimates that a letter, dictated by a scientist or administrator, costs about 25 cents. Even a routine letter, written by a typist, probably costs as much as 10 cents. One can scarcely supply a complete set of scientific information in a single letter. On the other hand, we do furnish correspondents all essential information in a single publication; that costs about 11⁄2 cents. The information is concise, logical, and clearly presented at small cost. The correspondent gets the information he wants quickly and satisfactorily.

Another example is in the campaign to eradicate bovine tuberculosis. By radio and press we seek the public's cooperation to aid in the campaign to stamp it out; but farmers and others want more complete information. They listen to the radio programs, or read an article about the campaign to eradicate bovine tuberculosis, and then write to us for more information. Again, we have to have a small,

inexpensive publication to answer such inquiries. The Department of Agriculture receives as many as 1,000,000 letters a month from farmers and home makers. Some of these we have to answer by special letter; a great many can be answered by mimeographed and duplicated letters; others require more complete information in printed form.

TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN OFFICE OF INFORMATION

Mr. BUCHANAN. I want you to put in the record how many menare employed in this branch of the work; I want it to show the number of employees in both branches.

Mr. EISENHOWER. We have 188 employees in all three branchesthe Division of Publications, the Press Service, and the Radio Service.

Mr. BUCHANAN. Revise it and separate them.

Mr. EISENHOWER. There are six agricultural writers and two clerks in the radio service. There are 6 agricultural writers, 2 editors of periodicals, and 7 clerks in the press service. The immediate office of the director contains the director, one special agricultural writer, the associate editor of the yearbook, and two secretaries. All of the other employees are in the division of publications, most of whom are in the clerical or custodial grades. There are only eight editors to handle all technical and popular manuscripts; in a normal year these highly trained editors must handle as many as 1,800 manuscripts. It takes a clerical force of 32 individuals to handle the requests we receive for publications in this one office alone. We receive 125,000 to 150,000 letters a month. The duplicating work requires 53 clerks and machine operators; indexing work, 5 highly trained, specialized individuals. Photographic and drafting work requires the services of 26 employees, including clerical assistants.

PRINTING AND BINDING, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. BUCHANAN. The next item is:

For all printing and binding for the Department of Agriculture, including all of its bureaus, offices, institutions, and services located in Washington, District of Columbia, and elsewhere, $900,000, including the Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, as required by the act approved January 12, 1895 (U. S. C., title 44, secs. 111, 212-220, 222, 241, 244, 257), and in pursuance of the Joint Resolution Numbered 13, approved March 30, 1906 (U. S. C., title 44, secs. 214, 224), and also including not to exceed $250,000 for farmers' bulletins, which shall be adapted to the interests of the people of the different sections of the country, an equal proportion of four-fifths of which shall be delivered to or sent out under the addressed franks furnished by the Senators, Representatives, and Delegates in Congress, as they shall direct, but not including work done at the field printing plants of the Weather Bureau and the Forest Service authorized by the Joint Committee on Printing, in accordance with the act approved March 1, 1919 (U. S. C., title 44, secs. 111, 220).

Mr. EISENHOWER. The following is submitted for the record: Appropriation, 1932.

Appropriation, 1933

Budget estimate, 1934

Decrease.

$1,000,000

925,000

900,000

25,000

(1) The decrease of $25,000 in the estimate for 1934 (as compared to the appropriation for 1933) leaves a total of $900,000, which is the minimum amount

required by the department in 1934 for necessary administrative printing and binding and for the effective dissemination of facts developed by the research program of the department.

WORK UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION

The work under this appropriation consists of publishing the results of the research, service, and regulatory work of the department. Necessary administrative forms, letterheads, certificates, etc., are printed. The various types of published material may be grouped roughly into four classifications: Administrative job work and binding; administrative reports, periodicals, and publications; research and technical publications; popular publications. The first two groups are used primarily to aid the proper administration within the department itself. Publications falling within the last two classifications are used to spread scientific and practical knowledge to scientists, economists, and farmers.

The estimate of $900,000 for printing and binding for the department is a reduction of $25,000 under the appropriation for 1933 and a decrease of $100,000 under the appropriation for 1932. However, after the appropriation of $925,000 was made by the Congress last year, the economy act was passed, section 302 of which limited to $5,500,000 the amount that could be obligated for printing and binding by the executive and judicial branches of the Government. This provision of the act resulted in a Bureau of the Budget limitation of $665,000 on the printing and binding work of the department. All but $5,000 of the $665,000 limitation will be paid for from this appropriation. Consequently, while this estimate of $900,000 for 1934 is an actual decrease of $25,000 under the appropriation for 1933, it is $240,000 more than we will spend during the current year. Bureau of the Budget has not continued section 302 of the economy act in the estimates as submitted.

DISTRIBUTION OF ESTIMATE FOR PRINTING AND BINDING, 1934

The

I have prepared a special statement covering this appropriation. I believe it will be helpful to the committee. It shows how we are making a reduction from the amount appropriated, $925,000, to the amount we can spend, $665,000.

CLASSES OF PRINTING AND CHARACTER OF PUBLICATIONS, ETC., FURNISHED UNDER

APPROPRIATION

We have four classes of printing. Here, again, a great deal of misunderstanding comes into the picture. There has been publicized pretty thoroughly throughout the country the statement that the department has been spending a million dollars a year on bulletins for public distribution. That statement is not even half true. Consequently, I should like to explain exactly how we spend this money. As I mentioned, we have four classes or divisions of printing-job work, administrative reports and periodicals, technical publications, and popular bulletins. In 1932, when we spent $987,000 on all four classes of printing, more than $274,000 of the total went for what we call job work-administrative forms, letterheads, crop-reporting forms, certificates all necessary to carry on the research, service, regulatory, and road-building work of the department. So to arrive at the cost of publications, this $274,000 must be deducted, leaving a sum of approximately $713,000. But there is another class of printing which is not for the general distribution of information to the public. You will notice in the project statement a subtitle, "Administrative Reports, Periodicals, and Publications." These are not for free or general public distribution. They, again, are mainly for the interior operation of the department. Many of them are required by law. They cost, in 1932, $298,893. When this sum is deducted from the total, there is left $414,000 for all technical and popular bulletins.

Mr. BUCHANAN. Now, you say "mainly for the work in the department." What character of publication is that which is mainly for work in the department?

CROPS AND MARKETS PERIODICAL

Mr. EISENHOWER. For example, the monthly periodical Crops and Markets cost in 1932 about $58,000. This administrative periodical is sent to 120,000 voluntary crop reporters who receive no other payment from the department for their services. It contains statistics and information on crops and livestock estimates, the printing of many of which is mandatory-market information, reports on supplies, stocks, commercial movements, and so on. Crop reporters need this information for general use and, specifically, as a background for future reports which they make to the department.

OFFICIAL RECORD PERIODICAL

Another administrative periodical is the Official Record. It is sent to the field employees to keep them currently informed of new laws, new administrative regulations, new policies, appropriations, savings, suggested economies, and so on.

AGRICULTURAL SITUATION PERIODICAL

Then there is the Agricultural Situation. This periodical is sent to cooperating economists, extension agents, and technologists. It is needed to keep key groups currently informed of the economic situation month by month, including statistics relating to production, prices, purchasing power, and consumption.

- EXTENSION SERVICE REVIEW PERIODICAL

The Extension Service Review, a brief periodical now issued only six times a year by the Washington office for extension workers in the field, contains current material regarding extension practices, developments in the State extension services, new extension technique, and so on. It is the best and cheapest means of keeping everyone informed. One of the principal functions of the Washington office of the Extension Service is to promote better extension practices as developed in any of the States. Without this inexpensive periodical the Washington office would have to resort to the more expensive method of writing countless letters and sending mimeographed circulars to the field force.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD PUBLICATION

The Experiment Station Record is a periodical that briefly digests the scientific literature of the world. It is our only means of keeping all research workers informed of the new knowledge developed everywhere in agriculture and related sciences. It stresses the research reports from the State experiment stations and thus is a potent factor in the correlation of research itself. Even with the expenditure of the full Budget authorization, this publication has not been able to keep its abstracting work current.