at length disciform, with a reflexed margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 404. Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 115. IcoN, E. Bot. t. 114.

Rocks and on the earth in alpine districts. Canada, fertile, Herb. Hook.! Arctic America! Rich.

2. S. globiferum (L.), DC. Th. fruticulose, somewhat terete, with erectish, fibrillose-ramulose branches, chestnut; apoth. globose, with an inflexed margin. DC. Fl. Fr. Lichen globiferus, L. S. Coralloi des, Pers. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 405. Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 110 (excl. p). Icon, E. Bot. t. 115.

On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts; and descending, northward. White Mountains, fertile. Eastport, Maine, Russell ! Newfoundland, Pylaie. Arctic America, Hook. !

3. S. fragile, Pers. Th. densely caespitose, fruticulose, dichotomously branched, somewhat cinereous; branches terete, fastigiate, naked; apoth. turbinate-globose, with an inflexed margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 405. Schar. ! Spicil. p. 7. ICON, E. Bot. t. 2474.

Alpine rocks. White Mountains, fertile. America, Hook. Rarely somewhat compressed.

Northward to Arctic

Tribe II. ENDOCARPACEÆ, Fr.

XXIV. ENDOCARPON, Hedw.

Apothecia included in the thallus, globose; a membranaceous, thin, pale thalline exciple inclosing a gelatinous, colored, deliquescent nucleus; ostioles somewhat prominent. Thallus horizontal, cartilagineous-foliaceous, subpeltate.

1. E. miniatum, Ach. Thallus cartilagineous-coriaceous, rigid, paleyellowish-fulvescent, becoming cinerascent and glaucous-pruinose; on the under side naked, at length somewhat rugose, fulvescent, at length black; ostioles somewhat prominent, fuscous-nigrescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 408.— ß. complicatum, Schær.; cæspitose-polyphyllous; lobes ascendant, imbricate and complicate, cinereous; on the under side dark-fuscous. Schær. ! Spicil. p. 59. Fr. l. c.

Rocks. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.ẞ, near water, New England. New York, Halsey. Fries,

as well as Sprengel, refers E. glaucum, Ach. (North America, Ach.), to the variety a of the present species. I have not found this variety, but the next species is near to it.

2. E. Muhlenbergii, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-coriaceous, thick, from greenish-glaucous becoming fuscescent, very finely rugose and somewhat chinky; on the under side fuscous-black; ostioles convex. Ach. Syn. p. 101.

Rocks. North America, Ach. West Point, New York, Russell! (Cf. Ach. Syn. pp. 101, 103.)

3. E. fluviatile, DC. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, flaccid, lobed, green, becoming fuscescent when dry; lobes rounded, somewhat auriculate-lobulate, on the under side naked, reticulate-rugulose, palefuscous, becoming black; ostioles somewhat prominent, black. Fr.! Lichenogr. p. 409. E. miniatum, y. aquaticum, Schær.! Spicil. p. 60. E. Weberi, Ach. — ß. fulvo-fuscum, Tuckerm.; th. thick, subcoriaceous, submonophyllous, with auriculate-lobulate, somewhat inflexed margins, fuscous-fulvescent; on the under side reticulate-rugose, darkfulvous-fuscous becoming black; ostioles scarcely prominent, dark-reddish nigrescent.

Rocks (granite), suffused with water; New England. New York, Halsey. Newfoundland, Pylaie. -ß, alpine. Lake of the Clouds, White Mountains, at an elevation of five thousand feet. Fries remarks, in comparing the present species with E. miniatum, ɑ, that monophyllous specimens of the former are always minute; but in ẞ these occur nearly as large as average specimens of the latter. The very brief indication given by Persoon (Act. Wetterav.) of his E. Americanum answers to our variety.

4. E. pusillum, Hedw. Th. cartilagineous, squamulose-foliaceous, smooth, brownish-olivaceous, pale on the under side, arising from a black, fibrillose hypothallus; ostioles black, somewhat prominent, pertuse. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 411. E. Hedwigii, Ach., & E. lachneum & squamulosum, Ach. (e Fr.).

On the earth, and rocks, especially of the more recent formations. Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Halsey. Apparently wanting in the granite region of New England.

5. E. lætevirens, Turn. Th. thin, membranaceous, irregularly orbicular, somewhat concave, round-lobed, grass-green, margins very entire,

inflexed, the under side white at the edges. E. viride, Ach. Verrucaria lætevirens, Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2658.

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains. Arctic America, Rich. The apothecia are unknown, and the plant is a very doubtful member of the present genus. Fries regards it a metamorphosis. of the squamules of Cladonia.

XXV. SAGEDIA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia included in the thallus, globose; nucleus gelatinous, deliquescent, and, as well as the membranaceous, thin exciple, becoming at length blackish; ostioles discrete, attenuated into a thin neck, and dilated at the apices, pertuse. Thallus horizontal, subcrustaceous.

S. cinerea, Fr. Crust cinereous, at length pruinose, somewhat foliaceous at the circumference; on the under side spongy, black; ostioles superficial, spheroidal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 413. Endocarpon, Pers. E. tephroides, a & ß, Ach. Syn.

(On the earth. Fr.) New York (rocks), Halsey. We have perhaps a Sagedia, on rocks, in New England.

XXVI. PERTUSARIA, DC.

Apothecia verrucæform, formed from the thallus, including (100) naked, waxy-gelatinous, colored nuclei. Thallus crustaceous, often passing into soredia and isidia.

*

1. P. pertusa, Ach. (sub Porina). Crust cartilagineous, glaucouswhite; apothecia depressed-hemispherical, irregular; ostioles depressed, discrete, the perfect ones black-papillate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 420. Porina pertusa, Ach. Lichen pertusus, L. Pertusaria communis, DC. sorediifera; crust sterile, sorediiferous. Fr. l. c. Variolaria sp. Ach.-** coccodes; crust isidioid, papillose-ramulose. Fr. l. c. Isidium coccodes, Ach.-B. areolata, Fr. ; crust thicker, rimose-areolate, verrucose, often sterile and sorediiferous. Fr. 1. c. Variolaria Flotowiana, Floerk.! — y. leucostoma, Fr. ; apothecia with white ostioles, the black papillæ deficient. Fr. 1. c. Porina leucostoma, Ach. 8. leioplaca, Fr.; crust very smooth; apothecia imperfect, chinky-dePorina leioplaca, Ach.

hiscent. Fr. l. c.

Trunks and dead wood; -, stones; New England. New York (x, y, and 8), Halsey. Pennsylvania (« and §), Muhl.

2. P. faginea. Cr. tartareous-cartilagineous, cinereous-white, the circumference zonate, often thin, polished, and somewhat bluish; apoth. hemispherical, bursting into mealy soredia. Lichen fagineus, L. & Auct. (e Fr.). Variolaria multipuncta, Turn. in Linn. Trans. 9, p. 137, t. 10, f. 1. V. faginea, Floerk.! P. sorediata, Fr.-B. orbiculata; apoth. lax, explanate; the nuclei expanded into a submembranaceous, denudate, flesh-colored disk, which at length falls out, leaving the sorediiform verrucæ. P. communis, ß. sorediata, c. orbiculata, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 422. Variolaria faginea, communis, & corallina, Auct.

var.

Trunks, dead wood, rocks, and stones; New England and westward. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich. The Variolariæ have been illustrated most largely by Turner and Borrer, in the Lichenographia Britannica, and by the first-mentioned author in the Linnæan Transactions. That they are sorediiferous states of various crustaceous Lichens has been shown at great length by Meyer, Wallroth, and Fries, and this view is confirmed by the observations of Eschweiler and of Schærer. To the present species, and the last, most of our common Variolariæ are to be referred.

3. P. papillata, Ach. (sub Porina). Cr. smooth, chinky, whitish; apoth. convex, hemispherical; ostiole solitary, elevated, papillæform, with a rufescent pore. Ach. Syn. p. 111.

Trunks. New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

4. P. globularis, Ach. (sub Porina). Cr. of very numerous, subglobose, and ramulose, glaucescent granules; apoth. (infrequent) globose, smooth, with a solitary, impressed, punctiform, black ostiole. Ach. Syn. p. 112.

Upon mosses, Pennsylvania, Muhl., Ach.

5. P. hymenia. Cr. cartilagineous, pale-sulphureous or grayish, bordered by a black line; apoth. hemispherical-depressed, with a solitary, depressed ostiole, or more often dehiscent, marginate, and somewhat scutelliform, the discoid centre black-dotted. Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 185, sub Thelotr. Lichen hymenius, Ach. Prodr. P. Wulfenii, DC. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 424. Porina fallax, Ach. Syn.

Trunks. New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Tribe III. VERRUCARIACEE, Fr.

XXVII. CONOTREMA, Tuckerm.

Perithecia mostly solitary, horny, black, at first pertuse, becoming at length open, with a coarctate, inflexed margin, including a depressed nucleus, which is elevated at the centre into a somewhat marginate disk. Thallus crustaceous.

C. urceolatum, Tuckerm. Crust thin, smooth, rugose-rimose, glaucous-white, bordered by a black line; perithecia scattered, at first covered by the crust, finally superficial, conoidal, white-pruinose. Lecidea urceolata, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 671. Ach. Syn. p. 27. Pyrenula enteroleuca, Spreng. in Hals. Lich. N. Y. l. c. Thelotrema enteroleuca, Schwein. in Hals. l. c. Verrucaria enteroleuca, Spreng. Syst. 4, p. 243. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c. IcoN, Hals. l. c. t. 1, f. 1.

Trunks. North America, Swartz. (ex Ach.). Pennsylvania, Muhl. in herb. Willd.! New York, Halsey. New England, very common. Probably the Lecanora urceolata of Muhl. Catal., but the above-cited specimen in the herbarium of Willdenow is without name. The Lichen appears to me an aberrant form of the present tribe. Thelotrema? atratum, Feé Crypt. Exot. t. 13, f. 4, seems to be distinguished from Thelotrema precisely as the present genus (passing over the other essential differences) is, by its black proper exciple, but the structure of the nucleus in the former plant removes it from ours.

XXVIII. VERRUCARIA, Pers.

Perithecia hemispherical-globose, solitary, horny, black, closed, with a simple or papillæ form ostiole; becoming sometimes at length subscutelliform, or rarely inclosed in a thalline verruca. Nucleus gelatinous, hyaline, deliquescent. Thallus crustaceous.

Saxicola. Crust somewhat tartareous.

1. V. rupestris, Schrad. Crust tartareous-compact, contiguous, whitish; perithecia (small) entire, globose, somewhat sunk, umbonate with the naked ostiole, at length collapsing and scutelliform; nucleus hyaline. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 436. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 152. V. Schraderi, Ach. IcoN, E. Bot. t. 1711, f. 2.

Rocks and stones (limestone). Pennsylvania, Muhl.