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being considerably smaller. The largest proportion of the native-born of native father is between 30 to 44. In general, the proportions of males and females in each age group are similar, but the native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born have a greater proportion of females 6 to 13 than of males.

The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the percentage of employees within each specified age group:

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TABLE 71.—Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity and

race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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TABLE 71.-Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity and race-Continued.

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Of 6,123 persons reporting, 9.7 per cent are under 20, 45.5 per cent are under 30, 83.2 per cent are under 45, and only 4.4 per cent are as much as 55 years of age. Most of the foreign-born are over 30 years of age, but the majority of the native-born, whether of native or foreign father, are under 30; the second generation AustroHungarians report more than 90 per cent under 25 years of age. Of the foreign-born, no race except the South Italian shows as much as 10 per cent under 20 years of age. Of the employees from 20 to 24 years of age, the Croatians, with 30.3 per cent, show the highest proportion, and the Germans, with 3.5 per cent, the lowest. The majority of the Germans, English, and Irish are 35 years of age or over, while no other race has as much as 36 per cent so reported. The English and Germans each show 15.3 per cent and the Irish 9.9 per cent 55 years of age or over, but no other race reports as much as 1 per cent in that age group.

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CHAPTER IX.

GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.

Ownership of homes-Status of children in the households studied-School attendance and progress Citizenship-Ability to speak English-[Text Tables 72 to 88 and General Tables 46 to 54].

OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.

Home ownership by families, the heads of which were of foreign birth, may be considered as a strong indication of permanent settlement. The facts in this connection relative to the families, the heads of which were employed in the oil-refining industry, are set forth in the following table according to general nativity and race of head of family.

TABLE 72.-Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family.

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The above table shows that of the 535 families studied in this industry, 20.4 per cent own homes. The percentage of foreign-born families owning homes is identical with that shown in the total, while the proportion of families, the heads of which are native-born of native father owning homes, is 28.6 per cent. Among the foreignborn families studied in sufficient numbers to admit of comparison it will be seen that a very much larger proportion of Irish families than the families of any other race own homes. Following the

Irish are the Lithuanians, 19.4 per cent of whom own homes. This proportion, it will be noted, is slightly in excess of the proportion reported by the Slovaks and largely in excess of that shown by the South Italians, Poles, or Ruthenians, the last named reporting only 1.8 per cent.

STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The status of children in the households studied may be seen in the following table which shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of children 6 and under 16 years of age who were at home, at school, and at work.

TABLE 73.-Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The foregoing table shows that out of 576 children 7.8 per cent are at home, 88.4 per cent at school, and 3.8 per cent at work. By far the greater proportion of all children in all groups, foreign-born, native-born of native father and native-born of foreign father, are at school, and there is little variation between the proportion as stated in the grand totals and in the figures that appear for the separate races. Neither is there any marked difference between the number of females and males at school in the various groups.

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND PROGRESS.

The school attendance and comparative progress of the children of the employees of the oil refineries may be studied in a representative way from the data collected in Bayonne, N. J., the largest refining center of the United States. Bayonne has 8 public schools and 1 high school, with an enrollment of approximately 8,000. There are also three parochial schools, the Polish and Irish controlling one, while another is under the joint control of the Irish and Germans. School officials assert that of the more recent foreign races coming to the locality, the Italian children appear to the best advantage, and that the home life of the Polish and Slovak children is a detriment to them in many ways.

In this connection statistics compiled from public school records may be presented. These records relate to the number of pupils in the different grades by age and birthplace of pupil, and birthplace and race of father and mother. Returns were had from schools Nos. 2, 5, 6, 8 and from the high school. In this group of schools there are 3,123 elementary and 195 high-school pupils, or 3,318 in all. Noting first the birthplace of the pupils themselves, the following results are obtained:

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It is here seen that less than one-tenth of all the pupils in this group of schools were themselves of foreign birth. About two-thirds of all the children were born in New Jersey, though the neighboring States, and especially the city of New York, made a considerable contribution.

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