Beyond it, to the westward, are now found the residences of other foreigners, pleasantly situated on the beach or along the hill-sides. Some of the temples which surmount the hills back of the city have also been The feelings of the hired out for the accommodation of residents. people of Nagasaki and its environs are more friendly towards foreigners than is the case at the eastward; they derive many advantages over former days of monopoly from present increased freedom and trade; and are not, apparently, quite so much under the surveillance of government officials as the natives around Yokohama. A few of the native merchants can read and write the Dutch language, and many others can speak it idiomatically.

The regulations of the custom-house and anchorage are furnished to vessels in the harbor. The consular regulations issued in May, 1860, for the guidance of British ships, includes some of the rules issued by the Japanese for the observance of all foreigners living at the port.

REGULATIONS FOR BRITISH SUBJECTS AT NAGASAKI.

I. The harbour of Nagasaki extends from the town to the island of Papenberg. II.-Information as to the limits of the anchorage within which cargo may be discharged and shipped will be obtained at the consulate office. Cargo discharged or shipped beyond such limits will be subject to confiscation.

III.-Every British vessel on entering the port must show her colors, and keep them hoisted until she shall have been reported at the consulate, and her papers deposited there. IV. No boat or vessel, the property of a British subject, but not provided with a British sailing-letter or certificate of registry, shall hoist the British ensign within the port or anchorage, nor shall she exhibit within such limits any flag so similar to the British ensign as not to be distinguishable from it: neither shall any British subject hoist the British ensign (or any flag not distinguishable from it) over any residence or place on shore, without special authority so to do.

V.-Masters of vessels, on depositing their ship's papers at the consulate office, must also deliver a copy of the import manifest, together with a list of all passengers and persons not forming part of the registered crew on board.

VI.-Masters of British vessels must not permit foreigners, not being subjects of Treaty powers, to land without special permission so to do, and they will be held liable to provide a return passage for such foreign subjects as they may bring to the port, in addition to any penalty they may incur for breach of regulation.

VII. When a vessel is ready to leave the port, the master will obtain a port-clearance from the custom-house, which document, together with a manifest of his export cargo, and a list of persons (not forming part of the crew) intending to leave the port in his vessel must be delivered at the consulate office, before the ship's papers can be returned to him.

VIII. Stone or ballast shall not be thrown overboard within the limits of the harbor. IX. Any vessel having on board any large quantity of gunpowder or other combustible, must, until its discharge, anchor only in such berth as shall be assigned to her. X.-Masters of vessels will be held accountable for the conduct of their crews on shore; and no seaman must be allowed on shore except between the hours of sunrise and sunset. XI.-Seamen found on shore after sunset, or at any time drunk or disorderly, will be apprehended, and any fine inflicted which he may be unable to pay will be levied upon the master of the vessel to which he belongs, besides such further penalty as may be incurred by the master for any neglect on his part.

XII.-Should any seaman absent himself from his vessel without permission, the master shall forth with report the same at the consulate office.

XIII. No seaman or other person belonging to a British ship may be discharged or left behind without the express sanction of the consul, and in conformity with such stipulations as he may require.

XIV. No British subject may establish either a boarding-house, eating-house, or other public-house of entertainment, without the sanction of the consul, and under such conditions as he may require. Any person harboring a seaman, who is a deserter or who cannot produce his discharge, with written sanction from the consul to reside on shore, will be liable to the penalty attending a breach of these regulations.

XV.-Every British subject intending to reside on shore must register his name at the consulate office within ten days after his arrival, and any British subject, having in his employ a subject of a nation not entitled by treaty to have a residence in Japan, must register the name of such servant, for whose behavior he will be held accountable.

XVI. The discharge of firearms on shore, in the neighborhood of residences or thoroughfares, or afloat within the limits of the anchorage, is strictly prohibited.

XVII. All cases of death occurring either afloat or on shore must be immediately reported at the consulate office.

XVIII.-British subjects are strictly prohibited from using violence against Japanese offenders or taking the law into their own hands, unless in strict self-defence, and where they are menaced with bodily injury. Any Japanese guilty of an offence may be detained and delivered over to the custom-house officials, from whom a receipt may be claimed, stating the name of the offender, and the offence charged against him by the complainant. The matter should then be reported at the consulate office.

XIX.-Riding quickly through the streets of the town is strictly prohibited.

XX. The distance to which British subjects may extend their excursions is limited by Treaty to the imperial territory around Nagasaki. The limits in several directions are marked by a notice in English under the hand of the consul. Fuller information can be obtained at the consulate office. Persons willfully breaking the regulation in this respect, or refusing to return when so requested by Japanese officials, will subject themselves to be brought back by force, and to any further penalty which may be adjudged appropriate.

XXI.-Resistance by force to Japanese officers in the exercise of their duty will entail severe penalties.

XXII. Any violation of the laws or customs of the country, so as willfully to cause alarm or give offence (save in so far as such laws and customs have been abrogated in favor of foreigners) is strictly prohibited.

XXIII. The breach of any of the foregoing regulations will entail upon the offender a penalty not exceeding five hundred dollars, or three months' imprisonment.

The articles of import at Nagasaki consist chiefly of cotton and woolen fabrics, with a variety of Chinese and Asiatic produce, but no official or general statistics are at hand specifying their sorts or values. During one quarter in the first part of 1861 about 44,000 pcs. of both these cloths, 1,580 piculs of metals, 1,020 piculs of sugar, 1,630 piculs of medicines, 277 piculs of tobacco, 665 piculs of hides, horns and hoofs, with a few hundred piculs of dyes, woods, paints, &c., were introduced. The exports consist chiefly of coal, tea, silk, camphor, rape-seed oil, cassia, vegetable wax, marine delicacies, as seaweed, shrimps, and cuttlefish, sulphur, copper, and tobacco. More than three-fourths of the variety of exports are intended for Chinese consumption, but the first three articles in this list are worth more than all the others, and are shipped to the West. Nearly all the trade is carried on with Shanghai, and a large portion of it on Chinese and Japanese account.

In dealing with Japanese merchants, care must be exercised in regard to advances on goods, or making contracts for produce to be furnished. The native authorities issued admonitions to their subjects, in November 1861, forbidding them to accept advances on goods, or to "make contracts with bad intentions;" but such exhortations have only a temporary effect. The currency at Nagasaki consists partly of paper money, circulating in common with the national coins; the exchange between the two continually varies, but much more between dollars and the paper money. The latter does not circulate far beyond the city, and the tempo, so common at Yokohama, is seldom seen in Nagasaki.

The Japanese rulers, following the usages of the old Dutch monopoly, have taken measures to obtain a share of the trade at Nagasaki by purchasing foreign ships, and the first of them reached Shanghai in June, 1862; but their original scheme has apparently not been carried out.

They will gradually find out that such matters are better left to private enterprise. A fine dock for the repair of large vessels has been constructed under the superintendence of Dutch engineers at the port; the establishment connected with it turns out some kinds of machinery, and as experience gives the native workmen more skill, they are expected to furnish everything necessary to the repairs of steamers.

KANAGAWA OR YOKOHAMA.

WHEN Commodore Perry returned in Feb. 1854, to receive the reply of the Japanese government to President Fillmore's letter, he anchored the squadron at the American Anchorage near Saru-sima above Uraga. The Japanese had prepared a house at Uraga for receiving him, but he refused to return there, and finally went up the bay to seek a more convenient spot to carry on the negotiations, and anchored off Yokohama, i. e. Cross-beach, a small fishing hamlet of 200 poor houses scattered along the beach. Here the authorities erected a few rough sheds in which to hold the interviews, and shelter the agricultural implements and other articles brought for them. By Mr Harris' treaty of 1858, Kanagawa 神奈川 was exchanged for the port of Simoda; and the next year the foreign consuls and others took up their residence in temples and such other houses there as could be obtained. The creek which divides Kanagawa from Yokohama, was found to be troublesome to cross, and ships could lie nearer the shore off that town. The Japanese therefore proposed to mark out a settlement at Yokohama, where foreigners could reside, and carry on their trade. Dwellings were built, and a customhouse and other public buildings erected. It has since been made an imperial city, and is now a thriving place of business, and will probably gradually extend so as to exceed even Nagasaki in size.

name

HAKODADI OR HAKODATE.

THIS town was first made known to the western world by the capture of the Russian Captain Golownin and his boat's crew by the Japanese in 1809, who seized them in consequence of a piratical attack by Russians on Yeso a few years before. It lies on the north side of the Straits of Tsugar, and its fine harbor was a place of resort to whalers even previous to its being opened by Perry's treaty in 1854. Its population is about 10,000, which depend for their subsistence chiefly upon the trade; the i. e. Box-shop, may perhaps have reference to this trade It is larger and richer than Simoda, but rather inferior to Yokohama, and forms the entrepôt of the trade with the eastern part of Yeso, receiving the provisions and goods from Nippon with which the settlers and aborigines of the island are supplied. Rice, wheat, pulse, vegetables, oil, and marine produce, are brought from the south in such quantities as to indicate that the island is very inadequately cultivated. The town is prettily situated on the eastern side of the harbor, on the slope of wooded hills; its dockyards, store-houses, and shops indicate, too, the prosperity and traffic of the inhabitants. It lies in the principality of Matsmai, about thirty miles east of the city of that name, and has constant intercourse with all parts of the island.

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The British consular regulations are similar to those issued by the consul of Nagasaki. The foreign trade of the port is directed chiefly to supplying whalers from the North Pacific with provisions. Seaweed, timber, planks, and a few other articles, are sent to China.

By the treaties of 1858, provision was made for opening the port and town of Hiogo, lying northwesterly from the great manufacturing city of Ohosaka in the principality of Idsumi, about halfway between Yedo and Nagasaki, on January, 1st, 1863. The town of Ne-egata, in the principality of Tsikugo, opposite the island of Sado on the northwest coast, was to have been opened to trade on January 1st, 1860; but an examination of the port showed it be too contracted and unsafe for foreign vessels. These two ports were, however, not opened on the days stipulated, the authorities having declared that it would not be expedient for them at the moment to open either to the residence of foreigners, as they could not guaranty their safety. The British consul-general at Yedo issued a notice in August 1862, intimating that the fulfillment of these stipulations of Art. III. in the British Treaty had been deferred till January 1st, 1868; and the same concession had been agreed to by the representatives of other treaty powers.

The amount and direction of the general trade with Japan have not been reported with sufficient detail to enable one to draw many deductions for its future growth. It has, however, developed far more rapidly than was supposed probable when the country was opened, especially in tea and silk. The best silk is regarded as superior in strength and fineness to even the fine tsatlee of Hüchau in China, and the supply increases with the demand. The Chinese market has taken the articles of charcoal, seaweed, isinglass, pulse, medicines, iron, dried fish, seeds, flour, shells for windows, and ginseng, and this branch of the trade will gradually increase. Camphor, sulphur, porcelain, copper, nut-galls, vegetable wax, cassia, soy, and verdigris, have been furnished at rates and quantities sufficient to export to Europe. The estimated value of the export trade from Yokohama in 1860, as given by the Customs' officers, was $4,325,000, of which one-half was in British vessels; of this sum more than $2,500,000 were paid for raw silk alone, and about $800,000 for tea, oil and copper. The imports at that port during the same period were upwards of $1,050,000; of which about one-half were cotton goods, and this woolen goods. The difference was paid for in specie. Large amounts of silver coin were introduced into the country to buy native gold coin and copper cash during the same period. The total value of

the foreign trade at Yokohama during the year 1860 was estimated at about ten millions of dollars, owing to the systematic diminution of the figures representing the amounts of the articles passing through the custom-house. No official returns are available of the succeeding years, but the total export of silk in 1862 was estimated at 18,000 piculs or bales, and that of tea at nearly 100,000 packages.

Foreign goods are taken mostly in exchange for native produce rather than from a demand, except a few articles, like medicines or sapan-wood, which were formerly obtained through China. As the people become acquainted with foreign glass, iron, and cutlery, in all their useful forms,

Section 4.

JAPANESE COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES.

MONEY AND CURRENCY.

THE Japanese coins are made of iron, copper, gold, silver, and an alloy of gold and silver, of various shapes and different degrees of purity. In

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a native work on numismatics, they are represented as circular, square, oval, and rectangular. The least in value is the iron cash, called mon or zheni; the large iron coin is equivalent to four of the small, and called shi-mon-zheni. No other iron coins are now circulated, though specimens of ancient iron coinage are not difficult to find.

The smallest copper coin is equal in value to one large iron cash, or to four small ones; it is also called mon or zheni, but frequently shi-monzheni, like the large iron cash; it is about the same size and thickness as common Chinese cash, and has lately been largely exported to China, where it passes current. The large copper coin is commonly called a tenpo, from the nengo or reign (A.D. 1830-1843) in which it was first issued. The proper name is too-hiaku, or hiaku-mon zheni, because when issued it was made worth a hundred of the small iron cash, though intrinsically not worth more than ten. It is one of the best made coins in Japan, and was forced upon the people by the reigning siogoun, and some say, in order to pay off his debts at a cheap rate.

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SIZE AND DEVICE OF THE JAPANESE TOO-HIAKU.

On the obverse, the superscription means "current money of [the reign] Ten po." The reverse has the name of the coin, Too-hiaku, with the Imperial cypher below the hole. The tempo passes for 24 copper or large iron cash, and 96 or 100 small iron cash. The use of the latter has consequently much diminished, though their convenience in petty transactions keeps them in use. The iron cash are cast everywhere, and they and the small copper cash are sometimes adulterated. There is a nominal money of 1000 cash, called an ikkanor string, worth about 9 mace of silver; 120 cash are usually reckoned to a mace, but the exchange varies.