The garce for grain is 320 lbs. av. or 123 Madras maunds, or 38 Imperial maunds; the salt garce is equal to 4.4082 tons. The para of 5 mercal is a square measure 20 ins. square and 10 ins. deep. The seer of measure contains between 76 and 80 tolas of rice, or about 2 lbs. av. Two regulation measures are nearly equal to 3 seers; 22.18 measures equal 1 bushel. Salt is sold in Madras at 400 mercals, or 120 maunds, to the garce; and measured out by a measure 8 ins. square by 16.479 ins. deep, and holding 8283 cubic inches. In Canara, the The Tinnevelly In land measure The long measures of the natives are gradually giving way to the yard; the cubit is 18 ins.; 8 torah make 1 vurrul ; 24 vúrrul make 1 mulakoli; and 4 mulakoli make 1 dunnu, equal to 3 yds. 4 ins. terms and proportionate lengths differ from these. kole measures 20 feet, and the Madura kole 24 feet. 1 square kole of 24 feet is 576 feet, and 100 kole or guli make 1 cawni of 6400 square yds. or 57,600 square ft. or 1.3223 acre. The cawni is also divided into annas, or sixteenths, of 3600 sq. ft.; a munni is 60 X 40 feet, and 24 munnis make 1 cawni; 484 cawnis equal a square mile of 640 acres. In the enumeration of articles, 3 of any kind make a patch, and 10 patch make a corge. In Bengal, the enumeration is by 4 articles at a time, or 1 gunda, 5 of which make a coori or score. BOMBAY. Coins.-Accounts are still kept by some in rupees, quarters and raes, 25 raes making one anna; but the general usage is in rupees, annas and pies. The coins now minted are the same as at Calcutta, and the old native urdee, doorea, fuddea, and dugani pieces are not now known. Weights. The government weights are gradually coming into use. The following local ones are still used :— The Bombay maund is 0.34 Imp. maund, and 1 of the latter is 2.939 Bombay maunds. At different places in this presidency, the candy of 20 maunds varies from 560 lbs. up to 3055 lbs.-the last is in use at Sattara. At Poona, the weights are somewhat different : The seer is 80 old rupees, or 76.658 tolas; maunds of 12 and 14 seers are also used in the Poona district. At Kurrachi, the weights used are: 1 Bombay maund is 14 Kurrachi seers, and 1 Bombay candy is 7 Kurrachi maunds; 35 of the last equal 100 Bombay maunds. Silk is sold by the pucca seer of 15 seers to 28 lbs. av. The Kurrachi weights approach very nearly to the Imperial, 36 seers or maunds equaling 35 of the British-Indian. At Surat, the seer now weighs 14.4 oz. av., and the mauud only 36 lbs. av.; hence 7 seers or maunds at Surat are equal to 9 at Bombay; and 1 seer at Surat equals 0.4375 Imp. seer, 1 of which weighs 24 Surat seers. The small or goldsmith's weights are given in the table of the BritishIndian weights, but at Bombay the old terms still maintain themselves; 20 vasses make 1 ruttee; 3 ruttees make 1 waal; 24 ruttees make 1 tank; and 32 waals make 1 tola. The masha, ruttee and dhan are used in assaying metals; 10 mashas fine signifies 19ths pure, or 10 oz. touch of the English mint. 1.916 grs. troy. Measures of length are already given under BENGAL. In Bombay, half a haut or cubit is called vent, and the measuring rod or katee is 9.4 feet long. In Gujerat, 5 haut make 1 vaso or rod. The table of cloth measure in Bombay is, 2 ungulee make 1 tasu of 14 in., and 24 tasu make a guz of 27 inches. Square measures vary much in western India. In Bombay and Poona, In Gujerat, the terms are khund, padtal, padat, vishwasi, vaso, and biggah, of which 20 of a lower term uniformly make 1 of a higher term. In the North-west provinces,-- . An English acre is 1.6 Delhi biggah; the Orissa biggah is just an acre; and the Tirhoot biggah of 400 square lagi is 4225 square yards. Liquid and dry measures at Bombay differ for grain and salt. The first are: For salt, 10 advali make 1 para or fara of 5.798 galls.; 100 fara make 1 ano, holding 72.474 bushels; and 16 anna make I ras of 144.948 quarters. There is a seer for liquids of 60 tolas or 1.234 pint. Rice is sold in the husk by the mura of 25 para. The bag of rice weighs 6 In the Bombay dockyards, in measuring timber, 12 cubic feet and 1216 inches make one covit or candi; 3 covits and 183 vassas make 1 ton of 50 cubic feet; 26 cubic feet and 206 inches equal 100 guz, by which planks are sold. Section 9. ACCOUNTS are kept in English money, and English coins all circulate, as well as rupees and their divisions. Some old coins are still in circu = = = lation, as stivers, fanams, and rix dollars; 4 pice 1 fanam; 12 fanams or 48 pice 1 rix dollar of 48 stivers, worth 1s. 6d. or 144 chalees. In exchanges, 4 English or 3 Dutch chalees 1 pice. A ducatoon is 80, a Dutch shilling is 73, a Negapatam pagoda is 90, and a rupee is 30 stivers. A dollar is worth 37 to 39 fanams, a rupee is 17 fanams, or 2s. stg. in common transactions; and a star pagoda is 59 to 61 fanams. In weights, a bahr or candy is 523 lbs. av., or 480 lbs. Dutch troy; another candy weight is 500 lbs. av.; a bag is 170 lbs. av. ; a garce is 9255 lbs. av. A bale of cinnamon is 102 lbs. av. gross, or 87 lbs. nett; an anna of rice in the husk is 260 lbs. av. Oil, milk, and ghee are sold by chundoos and seers. A measure of salt weighs 44 lbs., and of coffee and pepper 30 lbs. av. Wine and arrack are measured by the leaguer of 75 welts or 125 imperial gallons, each gallon containing 4 quarts, or 2 canades. Section 10. GREAT BRITAIN. THE gold coins are the sovereign and half-sovereign; the silver are the crown, florin, shilling, sixpence and threepence; and of copper or bronze, the penny, half-penny and farthing. A sovereign weighs 123.274 grs. troy, and is 11 parts gold and 1 of copper; the florin weighs 174.55 grs., and a shilling 87.27 grs.; their alloy is 3 parts copper in 37 parts silver. The letters £ s. d. are the initials of the Latin words liber, solidus, and denarius. BRITISH AND AMERICAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The standard of weights and measures in the United States is, a few local state regulations excepted, the same as in Great Britain. 1.-Imperial troy weight.-This weight derives its name from Troy Novant, the monkish name for London in A.D. 800. The standard is one cubic inch of distilled water, at 62° Fahrenheit's thermometer, the barometer being 30 inches; it weighs 252.458 troy grains. 480 = 20 oz. 1 lb. Fr. grammes. = 1.5552 = 31.1027 5760 240 = 12= 1 =373.2330 Troy weight is used in weighing gold, silver, jewels, &c., and in philosophical experiments. The carat is divided into 4 carat-grains, and is used for weighing diamonds. An ounce troy is 151 carats; a carat is nearly equal to 3 grains. In expressing the fineness of gold by carats, the term rather denotes a proportion than a weight. Thus gold 22 carats fine, signifies an alloy such that the proportion of the weight of pure gold to that of the whole weight, is as 22 to 24; or such that it contains 22 parts by weight of pure gold, and 2 parts of some inferior metal; a gold carat is 240 grs. 2.-Apothecaries' weight.-Standard is the same as in troy weight, with the ounce divided into 8 drachms and 24 scruples :Fr. gram. 1.296 3.888 grs. 60 scrs. drs. 3= 1 02. = = - 31.102 96 -= 12 1 = 373.233 480 = 24 = 8= 1 lb. 5760 288 Medicines are compounded by this weight; but drugs are usually bought and sold by avoirdupois weight. 3.-Apothecaries' Fluid Measure.-A minim is about 2 drops, a fluid drachm a tea-spoonful, and a fluid ounce two table-spoons full. 4.-Imperial Avoirdupois weight.-This weight is so called from the Norman word avoirs or averia, meaning goods and chattels, and pois, weight. Standard is the same as in troy weight; and one avoirdupois pound 7000 troy grains, or the weight of 27.7274 cubic inches, or one-tenth of an imperial gallon. The terms are: 7,168 28,672 1,792 573,440 = 35,840 The stone is 14 lbs., except for butcher's meat and fish, which is 8 lbs. ; 8 stone of the former is a cwt. A stone of glass is 5 lbs., and a seam of glass is 24 stone, or 120 lbs. A bushel of wheat weighs 60 lbs., of barley 47 lbs., and of oats 38 lbs. A gallon of flour weighs 7 lbs., a bushel 56 lbs., and a barrel 196 lbs.; 10 sacks of coal, or 2,240 lbs. make a ton; 360 lbs. or 6 bushels of wheat should produce 1 sack of flour, and make 100 quartern loaves, each 4 lbs. 53. oz. Hay and straw are sold by the load of 36 trusses; a truss of hay weighs 56 lbs., and of straw 36 lbs. In weighing wool, 7 lbs. make a clove; 2 cloves a stone; 2 stones a tod; 6 tods a wey; 2 weys a sack; 12 sacks a last, which is equal to 39 cwt.; 240 lbs. make a pack. Relative values of the Troy and Avoirdupois Pound. 5 6 Troy lb. 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 175 0%. Avoir. lb. 0.823 1.646 2.469 3.291 4.114 4.937 5.760 6.583 7.400 192 oz. Avoir. lb. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 144 lbs. Troy b. 1.215 2.431 3.646 4.861 6.076 7.292 8.507 9.722 10.397 175 lbs. 4.-English lineal measures.-The unit is the yard, taken from the average of oscillations of the pendulum in the latitude of London; it is divided into feet and inches; the multiples of the yard are the pole, furlong and mile : Table showing the Relative Values of British and other Road Measures. A league is 3 miles; and 60 geographical miles, or 69 common miles, make a degree. A palm is 3 inchés, a hand is 4 inches, a span 9 inches; a military pace is 2 feet, a geometrical pace 5 feet, a toise in France 6.39 feet, and a fathom 6 feet; a cubit is 18 inches, but the cubit of the Scriptures is about 22 inches. The inch is generally divided on scales into tenths, but in squaring the dimensions of works it is divided into 12 lines, which are subdivided into 12 seconds, and C.G. 43 |