The towns along the coast between Tien-pak Land Macao are neither many nor large, but the numerous islands in this space are inhabited by a rude race of fishermen, who cultivate them to a large extent. Hailing-shan Shang-chuen is the

is the largest one, and St. John's or

most celebrated among them. The chart and Horsburgh's Directory are the best guides now available until a new survey is made, and we therefore proceed directly to the approaches to Canton river.

San-chau, 三竈 or San-tsau, which forms the western side of the

entrance to the Hueng river or Broadway, is the next large island to the northeastward of Tyloo island, and its south-east point bears W. by N. 15ł miles from the Little Ladrone. The space between San-chau and Tyloo is shoal, with some islets and rocks adjoining the north-east end of the latter. The depths decrease gradually off San-chau, but it is not so bold to approach as the islands to the westward, for soundings of 3 to 4 fathoms extend a considerable distance from it. There is a conical islet and some rocks nearly touching its east point, with 3 fathoms close to them.

Montanha, or Tai-wong-kum

Island, forming the eastern side of the entrance to the Broadway, is a large high island to the N.E. of Sanchau, and close to it on the north-east side is Ko-ho or Kau-o island. These two islands form the south side of the Typa anchorage; and the Great West channel is bounded by them on the west, and by Potoe and the other

islands adjacent on the east.

黑沙洋

Hueng or Broadway River, part of which is called Hak-sha-yéung or Black Sand sea; its entrance has sufficient depth to admit a Vessel of moderate draught a considerable way up. The Water islands are two small islets lying close off the south end of Montanha; and N.W. N. a mile from them lies Inside islet, having a small inlet, called Lark bay, between it and Morgan point (608 feet above the sea), the west extreme of Montanha. These islands are on the east side of the Broadway entrance, and Coffin island, bearing S.W. by W. W. distant 4 miles from the Water islands, is on the western side. At 5 miles in a S. E. direction from Montanha peak and 24 miles from the Water islands is a shoal patch of 12 feet.

Tides. It is high water, full and change, in the entrance of the Broadway at 11h., and springs rise 7 feet. The neaps are very irregular, there being then only one flood and one ebb, of any considerable strength, during the 24 hours. The direction of the flood outside is governed principally by the

APP. 2

9

winds with strong easterly winds it comes from E.S.E.; and when southwesterly winds prevail, from South. The ebb runs generally to the S.W. Inside the river the tides take the direction of the channel.

Directions. The best time to enter the Broadway is with the first of the flood, and if a vessel at anchor in Macao roads be obliged to run for it with a N.E. or East wind, about three-quarters ebb will be the best time to leave the roads, that she may meet the first of the flood at the entrance, where it flows sooner than in the roads. Having rounded the east point of Ko-ho island, about 14 mile distant in 4 fathoms, steer at any convenient distance round A-po-mi point, the high south-east extreme of Montanha, which has 3 fathoms near it, deepening gradually to the eastward towards Potoe island. When abreast the point, the Water islands will be seen in one with each other, near the western extreme of a bay with a sandy beach. As there are not more than 2 fathoms in this bay at low tide, it should be avoided by steering to pass about half or three-quarters of a mile to the southward of these islands, in 2 or 3 fathoms, then haul round the western island, preserving the same depth and distance. Do not exceed the distance of one mile to the westward of this island, for beyond that the water shoals fast to 24 fathoms, towards the San-chau shore. From abreast the islands about a N.N.W. W. course, giving a berth of three-quarters of a mile to Inside islet, will lead up to abreast the west point of Montanha, in 3 and 3 fathoms at low water, off which a vessel may anchor and be sheltered till the termination of the gale.

From the above point the water shoals gradually towards Ross island on the

west side the channel; there is generally a line of fishing-stakes extending

芒州

westward from the point, with passages among them for vessels. Mong-chau, or Ballast island, bears N. N.W., distant 2 miles, from the west point of Montanha; and between them there are two passages leading to Macao, but both so shoal at low water as only to afford a passage for boats.

N.W. N. about 1 mile from the west point of Motanha, and fronting the first of the above passages, there is a rock which shows at low water about the size of a small boat. The channel is about a cable's length to the westward of this rock; for W. S. about a mile from it there is another rock, which also shows at low water, and shoal banks bound the channel on both sides. From the west point of Montanha to Ballast island the water is shoal, the edge of the bank leaving only a narrow passage on the east side the eastern rock, with 14 fathom on it at low water. Pak-tang-shan,

白籐山 a small island with a sharp hummock on its north-east end, lies

on the western bank, W. N. distant 3 miles from Ballast island: the bank, composed of mud, has only 6 feet on it, and extends 1 mile from Pak-tan towards Ballast island, and commencing at the western rock, trends to the N.N.W. the whole length of the channel, contracting it to about the breadth of from half a mile to a mile, with 2 and 3 fathoms in it.

If intending to proceed farther up than the west point of Montanha, steer N.N.W. towards the rock fronting the first passage to Macao; the soundings will be about 3 fathoms at low water, and the rock should be passed within a cable's length on the west side, to avoid a shoal patch of 2 fathoms in mid

W. 1

mile, and the vessel This is a safe and of Macao, and the Fresh water

channel. When abreast the rock, steer N.N.W. will then be abreast Ballast island, in 24 fathoms water. convenient anchorage, about 6 miles to the S.W. by W. boats are kept in sight when passing to or from that place. may be obtained in a small bay to the northward, under Beacon hill, which is 690 feet high, and has a remarkable stone on its summit.

The channel for vessels, between Ballast island and the bluff point to the northward, becomes narrow. If intending to proceed higher up, a N. N.W. § W. course will lead about a mile above the bluff point, in 3 and 3 fathoms, and this point ought to be passed at about three-quarters of a mile. If drawing more than 14 feet, wait here for the last of the flood, to pass the Tang rocks, lying a little to the northward, and off which there are only 3 or 4 fathoms at high water.

From the bluff point, steer N.N.W. W. to pass a long half mile westward of the Tang; and when abreast them, steer about N.W. N., or directly for the entrance of the river, keeping about half a mile off Nam-ye-kok

point, which forms the east side of the entrance; it has a pagoda on it, and is well covered with trees. Here, the depths begin to increase, and in steering to pass not more than a quarter of a mile off Mo-to fort, to avoid a rock lying in mid-channel, the soundings will be 4 and 5 fathoms. About 4 or 5 miles above this fort, the Broadway separates into two branches: the easternmost leads up past the district town of Hiang-shan, and communicates with Canton; the western branch leads to the Si-kiang or West river. The wide opening eastward of Nam-yé-kok point, called the Flats, has a boat passage through it leading to Macao.

If the wind does not admit sailing directly into the entrance of the Broadway, there is room for short tacks between the Water islands and the rocky islets off San-chau, taking care of the latter shore, which is shoal. Farther in, the channel contracts a little, but the tides are of sufficient strength to back and fill past the rocks that lie opposite the passage to the Typa, or where the channel may seem rather narrow for working.

Typa Anchorage or + Shap-tsz-moon. The eastern entrance to this anchorage is formed between two high islands, that on the south side named Ko-ho or Apomee, and that on the north side named Typa or Kaikeng-tau, Cabareta point. Ko-ho is separated from the north-east point of Montanha by a narrow gut with 24 feet water in it, decreasing to 9 or 10 feet farther in towards the Typa. The anchorage is between the west end of Typa island and the east end of Macarera island, and affords secure shelter in from 3 to 4 fathoms water.

Tides. In the Typa anchorage, and in Macao harbour, it is high water, full and change, at 10h. 0m. The springs rise about 7 feet; in the Typa they run 1 and 2 knots per hour, when not influenced by the winds. The ebb runs out of the mouth of the Typa, but it sets across the entrance when outside the points.

Directions.Vessels entering or leaving the Typa should endeavour to

weigh at half-flood. In entering, steer for the north extreme of Ko-ho island, and pass it pretty close, the deepest water being on this side the entrance. Continue to steer along until the summit of Sylock island is in line with the north extreme of Ko-ho. Keep this latter mark on, or the north point of Sylock just in sight, bearing about E. & S., leads in the deepest water; and when the east end of the middle hill on Typa island opens westward of a rocky mount forming the south-west point of the same island, haul gradually to the northward, and anchor near the west point of Typa, with the south point of Sylock open of the north extreme of Ko-ho.

Here, the depth is 34 to 4 fathoms at low tide, and vessels are sheltered from all winds by the high lands around. The deepest water is near the west point of Typa, for the bay abreast, at the east end of Macarera, is shoal. The watering cove is at the head of this latter bay, and from the north point a reef of rocks projects nearly a quarter of a mile to the eastward; a vessel ought not to go so far northward as to approach this reef. In the middle and eastern parts of the Typa the depths are only 14 and 15 feet at low tide, in the fair channel leading to the anchorage, but no injury can be received by grounding, the bottom being remarkably soft.

Macao Harbour.--Macao stands on a small peninsula projecting from the south-east end of the island of Hiang-shan, on the south-west side of the entrance of Canton river. The peninsula is over 2 miles long, and about half a mile wide at its broadest part, and is connected with the island by a low, narrow, sandy isthmus.

The Inner harbour is formed between the peninsula and the large island of Patera or Padre I., Tui-meen-shan, to the westward. Its entrance

is narrow, with 12 feet at low water, close to fort San Iago or Barra fort, which is built on the east point; and from thence the soundings are 18 and 22 feet along the western shore of the town.

are from 3 fathoms at low water

Macao Roads, called Sha-lek, springs on the west side, to 44 or 5 fathoms close over to Samcock and the other islands that bound the east side; the bottom is soft loam or loose mud, and anchors bury themselves in it.

Vessels of large draught usually anchor in deep water, with Macao bearing between W. by N. and W.N.W., distant 3 to 5 miles; but with Ko-ho point S. by W. W., and Macao W.N. W., distant 4 or 5 miles, a large vessel may anchor in 4 fathoms at low water, and be more conveniently situated. If drawing under 18 feet, she can anchor with Macao on the same bearing, about 1 mile off the entrance of the Typa.

Small vessels may anchor in the south-west monsoon in the entrance of the Typa, nearest to the south point, in about 3 fathoms at low water, and a little within Kau-o islet, on the north side of Ko-ho point. In the north-east monsoon they can anchor close to the northern shore, abreast a sandy beach, between the Nine islands and Macao in 3 or 34 fathoms.

Directions. The route to Macao harbour through the Typa anchorage, has 13 feet at low tide in the fair track between Typa and the harbour; but only 12 and 11 feet in the large space between Typa island and Macao. The channel

trends in a direct line from the Typa to the harbour, and to avoid the sunken rock, named Pedra-mea, lying about a quarter of a mile eastward of the northeast point of Macarera, keep the north-east point of Montanha open eastward of Macarera; or in passing it, keep rather more than mid-channel towards Typa island.

From thence, steer direct for the entrance of the harbour, there being no other danger except the Pedra Areia rock, on the east side of the channel, from which the south point of the outermost of the two high Ma-lau-chau islets, to the south-west of the entrance, bears W. by S. † S. distant 1 mile, and the point of fort San Iago N. W. N. about half a mile. The north-east point of Montanha in line with the east point of Macarira leads clear to the westward of the Pedra Areia; and a vessel will not be too near it, if she does not go eastward of a line drawn from the west point of Typa island to fort San Iago point.

九洲

Kau-chau, or Nine Islands, are a group of islets about 4 miles to the north-east of Macao. They lie close together, and the depth is 3 fathoms at about half a mile to the eastward of the outermost islet, which bears N.E. by E. from Senhora de Penha hermitage at Macao; S.W. about three-quarters of a mile from this islet there is a rock always above water.

Kum-sing-mun

Harbour. From Macao the eastern shore of

the island trends to the N.N.E. about 11 miles to Bluff head, where it turns abruptly to the westward and forms a deep bight called Kum-sing-mun harbour. This harbour is safe for small vessels, and it would be a desirable haven for large vessels at the approach of a typhoong, were it not for the extensive flat outside, the depths being only 2 to 3 fathoms to the distance of 2 miles outside the entrance; but they increase quickly to 7 and 8 fathoms, when within half a mile of Bluff head, which is the proper side to steer for in coming from the eastward, and also to keep nearest to when running into the harbour.

The entrance, which is about half a mile wide, and is formed between the south part of Ke-ow island and Bluff head, bears W. by S. 10 miles from Lintin peak, and is 8 miles to the northward of the Nine islands. Between the head and the small islet and sunken rocks, near the opposite shore, the depths are irregular, from 14 to 6 fathoms; but inside, about half a mile West, or W. by S. from the small islet, the bottom is soft, affording safe anchorage in 6, 5, or 4 fathoms, taking care, however, to avoid the shoal patches shown in the chart.

Great Ladrone, or Lau Man-shan,

being the outermost

island directly fronting the entrance to Canton river, is generally used as a landfall by vessels bound in from the southward during the South-west monsoon; and with the Little Ladrone adjoining to the westward, and Potoe to the northwestward, bounds the east side of the Great West channel, leading to the river. This steep bold island may be easily known by its north-west part forming a round mound or dome (1,465 feet high), which being more elevated than the other parts, can be seen about 27 miles from a vessel's deck and 40 miles from the masthead; none of the other islands have a similar appearance, although