CRUTCHED FRIARS

5,000 species known. See BARNACLE; CRAB; FISH LICE; HERMIT CRAB; SHRIMP.

Crutched Friars. This order appeared in England in the 13th century, and had monasteries in London, Oxford, and Reigate. From the staff which they carried in their hand, on the top of which was a cross, they received the name croisiers, which soon was corrupted into "Crouched" or "Crutched" friars. A street in London bears this name.

Cruveilhier, krü'vä'li-ā', Jean, French anatomist: b. Limoges 9 Feb. 1791; d. Jussac 6 March 1874. He obtained in 1835 the chair of pathological anatomy created in Paris by Dupuytren. He published an important work on The Pathological Anatomy of the Human Body (1829-40), and other works.

Cruz, Juana Ines de la, hoo-ä'nä e-nes' dā lā, Mexican poet: b. 12 Nov. 1651; d. 17 April 1695. Having retired from the viceregal court at the age of 17, she became a nun of the Hieronymite order, and devoted her self to poetry, music, and mathematics, leading at the same time a life of great austerity. Her writings consist of songs, dramas (all these except two on religious themes), prologues, and dramatic sacred allegories. Her contemporaries styled her "the Tenth Muse" and "the Mexican

Phoenix.»

Cruz, San Juan de la, sän hoo-än' da lä, (Saint John of the Cross), Spanish mystic and poet: b. Fontiveros, Old Castile, 1542; d. Ubeda 14 Dec. 1591. He was a Carmelite friar, canonized in 1674. His prose writings on the inner life won for him the title "The Ecstatic Doctor"; famous among them is The Soul's Darksome Night. In form and spirit his poetry is noble, deep, and inspired by profound feeling. His complete Spiritual Works were first published in 1619, and in a 12th edition in 1703.

Cruz y Goyeneche, Luis de la, loo-ēs' dã lä kroos-e-gō-ya-nā'chā, Chilean military officer: b. Concepcion 25 Aug. 1768; d. near Valparaiso 14 Oct. 1828. He bore a leading part in the revolution against Spain, command ing a regiment and falling into the hands of the enemy, but was liberated in 1817. He next became a political leader of the young republic, serving for a time as acting president of Chile. He was invested by Peru with the dignity of grand marshal.

Cruzado, kroo-za'dō, or Crusado, a Portuguese coin. The old cruzado or cruzado-velho was worth 400 reis, 43 cents; the new cruzado, cruzado-novo or pinto, is worth 480 reis, 52

cents.

Cryolite, kri'ō-lit (Gr. "ice-stone," in allusion to its translucent whiteness), a native fluoride of aluminum and sodium, having the formula 3NaF.AlF3. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, and also occurs massive. It is transparent or translucent, and the purer varie

ties are colorless or white. Its lustre is vitreous, and it has a hardness of 2.5 and a specific gravity of about 3. The best-known deposit of cryolite is in West Greenland, whence large quantities of it have been taken for use in the preparation of metallic aluminum (q.v.). Less important deposits are also known in the Urals, and in El Paso County, Col. Cryolite is also used in the manufacture of alum, soda, and certain kinds of glass, notably the so-called "milk-glass, or hot-cast porcelain, which is composed of cryolite, silica, and oxide of zinc.

Cryophorus, kri-ŏf'ō-rus (Gr. "ice-bearing"), a simple instrument devised by Wollaston for illustrating the freezing of water by rapid evaporation. The instrument consists of a bent tube of glass, provided with a bulb at each end. A small quantity of water is placed in it, and boiled until the air is entirely expelled and replaced by steam. The tube is then hermetically sealed. In using the instrument, the other, containing only water-vapor, is placed the water is brought into one of the bulbs, and in a freezing mixture. The vapor condenses rapidly in the chilled bulb, and a correspondingly rapid evaporation is induced in the other tended by the absorption of large quantities of The formation of vapor, however, is atheat; and the water in the free end of the apparatus, being the chief source from which this heat is obtained, presently becomes chilled to such a degree that it freezes.

one.

structed underground. The underground tombs Crypt, in architecture, a cell or vault conof the Christian martyrs were so called, where the early Christians met to perform their devotions, for fear of persecution. Hence crypt lower story of a church, which may be set came to signify a church underground, or the apart for monumental purposes, or used as a chapel. The crypt is not common in churches built after the Norman period and when found in those of the Gothic period is usually much older than the structure above them. The usual position of a crypt is beneath the choir, but occasionally, as at Glasgow Cathedral, beneath the transept also. The largest crypt in England is that at Canterbury Cathedral. Crypts rarely occur as a feature of a parish church. The larger crypt at Glasgow Cathedral is entirely above ground and at one time was used by itself as a church.

Cryptidine, krip'ti-din (CHN), a base homologous with quinoline, obtained in the preparation of that body, and also found in the less volatile parts of coal-tar. Its boiling-point is about 525 F., but it has not yet been prepared perfectly free from its lower homologues. It forms a double salt with platinum.

"with hidden gills"), a family of urodele AmCryptobranchidæ, krip to-brǎn'ki-dē (Gr. phibia (q.v.) most nearly related, according to Cope, to the Amblystomida. There are no gills in the adult, but a single pore-like branchial fissure may persist on each side. Respiration is pulmonary, but the inspirations occur only at intervals of several minutes. The vertebræ are biconcave but, like the remainder of the skeleton except the cartilaginous carpi and tarsi, are well ossified. There is no ethmoid bone, and the internal ear is separated from the brain by membrane only. A maxillary bone is developed, and teeth are borne on the margins of

both jaws, as well as on the vomers, but not on the parasphenoid. The eyes are very small and devoid of lids; two pairs of limbs with four and five digits respectively are always present, and the tail is permanently provided with a fin. Two genera are known: Megalobatrachus, which has no branchial opening and contains enly the giant salamander of eastern Asia, and Cryptobranchus, which contains the American hellbenders (q.v.).

Cryptog'amous Plants, or Cryptog'ams (from Gr. KOUTTÓS, hidden+yáμos, marriage), All plants below the Phanerogams or flowering plants. The names were first used by Linnæus, who may thus have indicated his conviction that all plants possess sexuality. (They do not.) For a long time the vegetable kingdom was divided into two groups, as follows: (1) Phanerogamia, with stamens, ovules, seeds, and embryos. (2) Cryptogamia, without stamens, ovules, seeds, and embryos, and with spores. These distinctions, although long since acknowledged to be unscientific, are still maintained, especially in popular usage. The Cryptogams, instead of being a single group co-ordinate with the Phanerogams, include several such groups, namely: Water-slimes (Protophytes); Spore-tangles (Phycophytes or Alge); Fruit-tangles (Carpophytes or Fungi); Mossworts (Bryophytes); Fernworts (Pteridophytes).

Cryptograms. See CIPHER WRITING. Cryptomeria, krip-to-mě'ri-a (Gr. "with hidden parts," its seeds being concealed in bracts), a beautiful tall-growing conifer, known also as the Japanese Cedar. The tree grows in the mountainous regions of China and Japan, and many varieties are cultivated. It was introduced into Europe in 1842, and is now widely cultivated. It is closely allied to the Sequoia (q.v.).

Crypturi, krip-tū'rī (Gr. "hidden tail," because of the rudimentary tail), an order of birds, sometimes called the Tinami or Tinamiformes, from their native name tinamou, gen erally regarded as Ratite (q.v.), but placed among the Carinata (q.v.) by those who regard the presence of a keeled sternum as of greater classificatory value than the desmognathous palate. Besides the characters just mentioned, which are combined in no other known birds, other remarkable osteological features are the complete union of the vomer and palatine bones, the single articular head of the quadrate, the rudimentary tail skeleton (pygostyle), the ostrich-like pelvis and legs (but not feet), and the well-developed clavicles, all but the last being ratite characters. The quill feathers of the tail are 10 or 12 in number and completely hidden beneath the coverts; the wings, which are very short and concave, have 10 primary and from 13 to 16 secondary quills; contour feathers are of the ordinary type found in flying birds, with the aftershaft rudimentary or absent. There are three long anterior toes with claws like a pheasant's, and the hallux is short and elevated, or, very rarely, absent; in fact the feet are of a strictly gallinaceous type. About 9 or 10 genera and 70 species are known, all but 6 of which are South American, occurring especially in Argentina and Brazil. See TINAMOU. Crystal. The term crystal, derived from a Greek word signifying a hard crust, or more

particularly ice, was applied by the Greeks at least 400 B.C. to a material which they supposed to be a hard, durable form of frozen water. This substance is the colorless, transparent variety of quartz still called rock crystal. The angular forms and the smooth, even surfaces of this substance were observed by the ancients, but were regarded either as accidents or as shapes "pleasing to the gods." Pliny says, "It is not easy to ascertain the reason why crystal is produced in six-sided prisms, especially since the terminations are not uniform."

By a natural association of ideas other minerals, such as beryl, diamond, garnet, and pyrite, which were observed to occur frequently in angular forms, were spoken of as crystal-like, or crystalline; the angular shapes which the alchemists obtained by evaporating different solutions were said to be the results of "crystallization," and when, toward the close of the 18th century, the study of the shapes was first systemmatically undertaken, Romé de l'Isle called the. new science crystallography (q.v.). That is, the word crystal no longer meant the transparent, ice-like substance, rock crystal, but an individual solid of any substance, whether transparent or opaque, provided this solid was bounded by plane faces at definite angles, and was formed as a result of the solidification of

the substance.

But even this third use of the term crystal fundamentally upon the idea of a polyhedral does not appear to be the final one, for it rests shape, a bounding by flat, even faces, and it is shape is the direct consequence of a regular innow generally admitted that external polyhedral ternal structure, and, although it is the most striking proof of this, it is often dependent upon comparatively minor conditions at the time of solidification. There is, however, a quality shown by all crystals which is also a consequence of the regular internal structure, and may be called "directional regularity"; that is, the physical characters of a crystal, such as transmission of light, the conductivity of heat, the cohesion, the elasticity, or the rate of solubility are always alike in parallel directions, and, generally speaking, unlike in directions which are not parallel. This directional regularity is shown not only by the individual plane-bounded solids called crystals, but by those much more frequent results of solidification which are of a shape determined by the space in which the solidification occurs, or may show here and there plane faces or grains with crystal outlines. Such masses are made up of individual portions, each with the same "directional regularity" as the separate so-called crystals.

dividuals under the term crystal, one suggestion The tendency now is to include all such inbeing to distinguish them as anhedral or faceless crystals, and the following definition of Fock expresses this tendency: A crystal is "a homogeneous solid body of definite chemical composition, whose physical properties are the different in directions not parallel." The outsame in parallel directions, but are generally ward sign is the form, but its destruction does not rob the fragments of their perfect internal structure, whereas the most perfect model is not a crystal, because it lacks the internal physical characteristics.

The External Form of Crystals. Although