is directly converted into electricity, and electricity into heat. Electricity in motion produces magnetic effects, while magnets in motion are capable of giving us electricity. The energy of electricity in motion gives rise to chemical action; and chemical action properly applied keeps up an electric current. In connection with this doctrine that of the conservation of energy cught also to be studied.

Correspondence Schools, International. The development of a great educational system by correspondence was a process of evolution from a small beginning, the primary incentive being a mining catastrophe of more than usual magnitude.

On 6 Sept. 1869, at the Avondale Colliery near Plymouth, Pa., a large frame breaker structure which was erected over the shaft was

burned while the workmen were in the mine. The shaft was the only opening to the mine, and all of the men and boys in the mine, one hundred and eight in all, perished by asphyxiation. As this was the first great catastrophe in the mines of America it created a profound feeling of sympathy for the mine workers, and made evident the dangers surrounding them. During the following winter the legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act providing for the safety of miners, which required that all anthracite mines in the State should have two openings, and provided various other safeguards. Another act provided for the employment of mine inspectors for each of the coal fields. This first mine law was very crude and imperfect.

In 1885 the mine laws were amended, and a provision incorporated requiring that all inside foremen thereafter appointed at any anthracite mine in Pennsylvania, should be required to pass an examination before a board of examiners, and to obtain a certificate of qualification before they could legally take charge of the inside workings of a mine. Practically all of the mine workers were men of very limited education, although many of them were men of more than average intelligence. Naturally the more ambitious among the miners desired the pleasanter work and increased remuneration of a mine official and they endeavored to equip themselves to pass the examination and secure certificate of competency.

The text-books on the theories involved in coal mining at that time were very few, and the best of them were by English writers and dealt more particularly with conditions in English coal fields. In addition, most of these books on mining were written by men of considerable education and the authors presupposed the users of the books would have sufficient elementary education to understand them. Ambitious miners purchased these books and endeavored by careful reading to fit themselves for the examination. In their studies, they met many formulas which, while comparatively simple to the educated man, were stumbling blocks to them. There were also many principles explained in language which was beyond their comprehension.

At this time Mr. Thomas J. Foster was publishing a technical paper devoted to coal mining called The Colliery Engineer.' He conducted in this paper a Correspondence Department, and men who were endeavoring to learn from text

books made use of this department in asking for explanations of formulas and principles which they did not understand.

In the course of time a similar law was enacted for the bituminous coal fields of Pennsylvania, and from time to time other States enacted similar mining laws. As the coal mining industry rapidly developed, and the number of States requiring the examination of men aspiring to the position of mine foremen inthe number of inquiries sent to the correspondcreased, there was a corresponding increase in ence department of The Colliery Engineer. increased, and, as it was advisable to broaden The circulation of the publication was largely its scope and make it a more influential publication, a corporation was organized in 1890, under the laws of Pennsylvania, known as "The Colliery Engineer Company with a full paid capenlarged it and put it in a prominent place ital of $100,000, which took over the publication, among the trade publications of the country. Mr. Foster, who had been the previous owner, became manager of the company, and managing editor of the publication.

The increase in the number of inquiries sent to the correspondence department was so great as to threaten to crowd out of the columns of the publication other important mining matter, and many inquirers requested answers to their questions by a return, or early mail, preferring to pay a special fee for the replies rather than to wait for the next issue of the publication. In 1891 this state of affairs suggested to Mr. T. J. Foster the idea of preparing an elementary course in coal mining, which would cover the subjects embraced in the examination for mine foremen. It was estimated that if a certain number of men enrolled as students in such a course, the expense of writing and publishing the instruction papers would be met, and the course would prove a valuable adjunct to the publication. In the first year more than four times as many men enrolled for this coal mining course as was estimated, and, as a result, it was decided to make the course somewhat more comprehensive.

Additional matter on the care and handling of mining machinery was incorporated in the course, and a new department was added to the business of the company, that is, the school department. This department was known as the Correspondence School of Mines. The success met with by this school resulted in inquiries for correspondence courses from other classes of artisans, and from time to time, there were added courses in mechanics, electricity, architecture, chemistry, civil engineering, sanitary engineering, etc., etc., and a trade name was adopted so that instead of being known as the Correspondence School of Mines, the combined schools were known as the International Correspondence Schools.

The rapid development of this work required additional capital, and the capital of the company was increased until it now has a paid in capital of $4,000,000. A large portion of the capital was required to pay the cost of writing, illustrating, and editing the instruction papers. These instruction papers are a main feature of the system, and have been prepared by the best available talent. They are pamphlets averaging about fifty pages each, and are adapted for the par

ticular course in which they are used. The student begins with the most elementary subjects -Arithmetic in most cases and then proceeds in regular order through all the papers in the course. The instruction papers for each course contain only such information as is necessary for the student to have in order to understand the subject he is studying. These courses, being prepared for those engaged in learning or pursuing a trade, are made plain and simple, so that the student can study at home without the aid of a teacher. Each instruction paper sent the student is accompanied by a question paper, the questions being so framed as to draw from the student such answers as will show whether or not he understands the principles involved. After studying the instruction paper he takes the question paper and writes out the answers. These are sent to the schools at Scranton, Pa., where they are corrected and returned to the student. If a passing mark is secured he takes up the next instruction paper. If a passing mark is not secured he is required to study his first paper again, and is kept at the work until he does reach the proper standard. The result is, the student is thoroughly grounded in each lesson as he goes along.

The growth of the schools since their inception in 1891 has been such as to require the erection of special buildings, and the employment of over 3,000 people, fully one half of whom are employed in the home offices at Scranton, Pa., in various capacities, such as officials, text-book writers, instructors, examiners, accountants, printers, binders, etc. The schools occupy two large stone buildings on Wyoming

Avenue, used for the corporate offices and accounting department, and another large building which, when fully completed, will cover nearly an entire block, for its instruction department, printing offices, and bindery. The combined floor space of the buildings will be more than

seven acres.

In 1901, The Colliery Engineer Company had its charter amended, and its name changed to the International Text-Book Company, and at

the same time a charter was obtained for the International Correspondence Schools. The stock of the latter corporation is owned by the International Text-book Company, which transacts all the business in connection with printing, publishing, enrollment of students, etc. instruction by correspondence is given by the International Correspondence Schools.

The

The schools are divided into the following different departments or schools known by the names of the professions or branches taught in them: Advertising, Architecture, Arts and Crafts, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Civil Service, Commerce, Electrical Engineering, English Branches, Languages, Lettering and Sign Painting, Locomotive Running, Mathematics and Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering, Mines, Navigation, Pedagogy, Sanitary Engineering, Sheet Metal Work, Shop and Foundry Practice, Steam Engineering, Marine Engineering, Structural Engineering, Telephone and Telegraph Engineering, Textiles, Window Trimming and Mercantile Decoration. Each of these schools is in charge of a principal, who has under him assistant principals, and a large force of men and women examiners who have been especially trained for the work. They are employed to ex

amine and correct the work sent in by students. Most of the departments mentioned, in addition to the full course covering the subject, have several subdivisions or short courses for students who do not desire to take up and complete the entire subject. Up to date, January 1905, there have been 173 courses prepared and successfully taught. The language courses, French, German, Spanish, etc., are taught by use of a phonograph, the records being sent through the mail. If a student has any trouble in connection with his studies or wishes special information on particular points he writes to the schools, and the desired information is furnished at once. There are no regular school terms. A student may begin at any time and take as long a time as he pleases to finish the course. Each is a class by himself. All the text-books used by the students are included in the price of the course and the schools pay all postage on letters and other material sent to the student. As the business of the schools increased, the methods attracted the attention of the prominent educators connected with the various colleges and universities, who closely watched the development and progress of the system. As these men became familiar with the value of the courses, the instruction papers bound into what are known as bound volumes, were purchased by many of the leading colleges and universities as books of reference for use in their libraries. Recently some of the most prominent of these institutions have adopted, either in whole or in part, the instruction papers of the International Correspondence Schools for class work. thousands upon thousands of men have secured Since the establishment of the schools in 1891 through them such an education in the theory involved in their trades as to fit them for much higher positions than they could ever have attained without such education.

The following figures show how the schools have grown since their inception: At the end of the first three months of their existence, I Jan. 1892, there were 115 students enrolled; five years later, 1 Jan. 1897, the total enrollment was 16,325; I Jan. 1902 the number had increased to 370,254; I Jan. 1903 the enrollment was 500,572; on 1 Jan. 1904 the number of students was 626,367, and on 1 Jan. 1905 the number had reached a total of 742,507. The students now exceed 1,000,000 and are in nearly every part of the world.

DAVID C. HARRINGTON. Correspondence Teaching. See HOME EDUCATION; UNIVERSITY EXTENSION; CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, INTERNATIONAL,

Corresponding Society of London, The, a society founded in London in 1791, its main object being to reform the representation of the people and spread liberal doctrines throughout the country. These opinions became very obnoxious to the government of the time, owing to the gross misrepresentations set forth in their propaganda, and to the excesses which the French revolutionists perpetrated in the name of liberty. The literature of the society became so scathing in criticism of government policies and so violent in general tone that in October 1794 the celebrated John Horne Tooke (q.v.), together with several other members of the organization, were tried for treason, but, through lack of incriminating evidence, were acquitted.

In 1795 and 1796 its meetings were prohibited as being treasonable, and in 1798 one of the members was executed as a traitor, though no proof was brought to bear that he was. The society, however, continued to hold its meetings in secret for some time and to carry on its propaganda work, but the persecutions of its members, collectively and individually, became so persistent, and arrests and trials so frequent, that it dwindled in numbers, and eventually became extinct.

THEORY.

Corrèze, kor-raz, France, an inland department, between lat. 44° 54′ and 43° 44′ N., and lon. 1° 12′ and 2° 29′ E., bounded on the north by Creuse, on the east by Puy-de-Dôme and Cantal, on the south by Lot, and on the west by Dordogne and Haute-Vienne. It is named from the river Corrèze. Area, 2,265 square miles; capital, Tulle. Surface mountainous, especially to the north and east. Soil far from fertile, except in a few of the valleys. Heaths occupy a great extent of surface, and agriculture is in a very backward state. Hay is abundant, and large crops of beet-root are grown, besides maize, barley, hemp, flax, etc., in moderate quantities. Minerals are plentiful, but little worked. The only manufacture of note is that of firearms at Tulle, employing about 1,000 hands. The trade is, principally in horses, cattle, wood, nut-oil, bees-wax, leather, straw-paper, iron, etc. The department is divided into 3 arrondissements, 29 cantons, and 287 communes. It forms the diocese of Tulle. Pop. 318,000.

Corrib, Lough, lõн kŏr'rib, a large lake, the second in size in Ireland, between Galway and Mayo, about 23 miles in length, and varying from 2 to 6 miles in breadth, and composed of two expansions, united by a narrow channel, about half a mile wide at its narrowest part, across which is a ferry. It is about three miles distant from the sea at Galway, where it is only 14 feet above sea-level. It is separated from Lough Mask by a narrow isthmus, through which there is a subterranean channel. Corrib contains many islands and near it are pre-historic stone-circles.

Cor'ridor (Italian and Spanish, "that which runs"), in architecture, a gallery or long aisle leading to several chambers at a distance from each other, sometimes wholly enclosed, sometimes open on one side. In fortification, corridor signifies the same as covert-way (q.v.). Corrientes, kor-re-en'těs, Argentine Republic, a province bounded by Paraguay on the north, by the territory of Misiones on the northeast, and the republic of Uruguay on the southeast, by Entre Rios on the south, and the province of Santa Fé and the territory of Chaco on the west. Area, 48,357 square miles. The Paraná River forms its boundary on the west and north; the Uruguay River on the east; and there are other streams and lakes. Thus the soil is abundantly watered and well adapted to agriculture. Sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, wheat, and maize are grown extensively; the value of the cattle and horses, however, is much greater than that of the crops, the proportion being about six to one. A railway runs diagonally through the province, from the capital, Corrientes, in the

Cor'rigan, Michael Augustine, American Roman Catholic prelate: b. Newark, N. J. 13 Aug 1839; d. New York 5 May 1902. He made his elementary studies in a private school in Newark and at the age of 14 was sent to Saint Mary's College, Wilmington, Del. In 1855 he began his advanced studies in the historic seminary of Mount St. Mary's, Emmetsburg, Md. Here, in his preparatory course, he showed remarkable abilities, taking the class prizes in Greek, Latin, mathematics, history, and French. In the spring of 1859 he graduated from Mount Saint Mary's, and in the fall of the same year entered the American College in Rome. He was the first student from the United States who asked for admission to this now famous college. In Rome on 19 Sept. 1863 he was ordained a priest for the diocese of Newark, United States, but remained in Rome another year for further study. On 5 Sept. 1864 he began his duties in the Newark diocese, and was soon appointed by his bishop as professor of dogmatic theology and sacred Scripture at Seton Hall Seminary, South As vacancies occurred in the Orange, N. J. seminary he was promoted until in 1868 he was made president of the institution. In 1873 he was elevated to the office of bishop of Newark, remaining at the head of this diocese for seven years. In its management his executive ability proved to be equal to his charity. He liquidated debts, established institutions for the waifs, the defectives, and for the protection of the young whose morals might be in danger. The home for the sick was not forgotten, and the schools received substantial aid and encouragement. The number of organized parishes increased, and when, in 1880, he was called to the position of coadjutor of Cardinal McCloskey, archbishop of New York, he left Newark only after earnestly requesting that he might be allowed to remain; but the Pope selected him and he obeyed. In October 1880 he received the papal bulls appointing him archbishop of Petra and coadjutor to the archbishop of New York, with the right of succession. Upon the death of Cardinal McCloskey, Archbishop Corrigan became archbishop of New York, and the pallium was conferred upon him 4 March 1881. This charge he retained until his death. During the years he was at the head of the second largest diocese in the world, everything possible was done to promote spiritual and intellectual life and to care for the poor, the sick, and the homeless. Saint Joseph's Seminary, at Dunwoodie, near the city, is one of the finest ecclesiastical seminaries in the country. Its chapel was the gift of the archbishop. He was looked upon by all men who knew the forces ever agitating the metropolitan city as "a great conservative force, maintaining the social order of civi

lization against all socialistic and anarchistic attacks, maintaining the rights of property, on which our homes and the rewards of honest toil and hopes of honorable ambition all depend."

Corroboree, kör-ob-ō-rē' or kor-ob'ō-rē, the Australian name for a gathering of natives, either for religious or festive purposes. The characteristic feature of these assemblages is a peculiar dance to which the name corroboree is also applied. The gatherings are held on moonlight nights, and generally last the whole night through.

Corrodentia, a group of primitive insects allied to the orthoptera, founded by Burmeister. The corrodentia, as recognized by Brauer, comprise the families Termitide, Psocide, and the group Mallophaga, or biting-lice. It is not, however, a very natural assemblage of families and by Packard the corrodentia form a sub-order of his order Platyptera, including the stone-flies (Perlida), the Psocide, Empida, and Termitide, or white ants (q.v.). In all except the Psocide the body is flattened and the head extended horizontally. The prothorax is large, broad, and more or less square, while the chestpieces (sterna) are large and broad, and there are often II segments in the abdomen.

Corrodi, August, ow'goost kor-ro'de, Swiss poet: b. Zürich 27 Feb. 1826; d. there 16 Aug. 1885. His first volume of 'Songs) (1853), exhibited graceful versification and deep sympathy with nature, while his songs and dramatic compositions in local dialect, Mr. Professor, an Idyll of Zürich'; "The Vicar, a Winter Idyll; etc.; had extraordinary success. He translated several of Burns' songs into the Swiss-German dialect, and published Shakespeare: Life Wisdom from His Works. His works are numerous and possess much merit.

Corrosive Sublimate, also called mercuric chloride, HgCh, bichloride of mercury, perchloride of mercury; prepared by heating mercuric sulphate with dry sodium chloride; the mercuric chloride sublimes as a white transparent crystalline mass, having a specific gravity of about 5.43. It is soluble in about 20 parts of cold water, and very soluble in alcohol and ether. It precipitates albumen, hence white of egg is an antidote. It is very poisonous, and is used to preserve both animal and vegetable substances. It is used in pharmacy as Liquor hydrargyri perchloridi, and as Lotio hydrargyri flava when mixed with lime. Corrosive sublimate is a powerful irritant and is used externally in skin diseases. It is administered internally in syphilis, usually in conjunction with iodide of potassium. It is also much in use by surgeons in an antiseptic spray and as a cleansing agent for sterilizing their operating instruments. When used as an antiseptic wash for wounds or sores, one part of the salt is usually dissolved in from 2,000 to 5,000 parts of water.

Corro'sives (Lat. corrodere, "to eat away"), in surgery, medicines which corrode whatever part of the body they are applied to; such are glacial acetic acid, burned alum, white precipitate of mercury, white vitriol, red precipitate of mercury, butter of antimony, etc.

Corrugated Iron, sheet iron formed with parallel ridges and furrows, so that the crosssection is a continuous waved line. Flat sheet metal tends to buckle and get out of shape

with every change in temperature. The corrugations, made in one direction, give it greatly increased stiffness, and adapt it to numerous purposes for which it would otherwise be less available. The sheet metal is corrugated by passing between ridged rollers, whose ridges are opposed like the teeth of gear-wheels. It comes out in the commercial form, and is frequently subjected to a process of coating with zinc, to protect it from oxidation, and is then known as galvanized corrugated iron.

The most important use of corrugated iron is for the flues of large steam boilers. For this purpose mechanism has been devised for forming the metal into annular corrugated flue pipes which present greatly increased resistance to collapse over the plain form. The heating surface is materially increased by the corrugations. Later, a flue was manufactured with spiral corrial has also found an extensive use in the conrugations, giving increased strength. This matestruction of cheap partitions, walls, and roofs of temporary structures, and for buildings where utility is more valued than ornament.

Corruption of Blood, in law, the incapacity to inherit, or pass an inheritance, in consequence of an attainder to which the party has been subthe Federal Constitution. ject. In the United States it was abolished by

Corry, Pa., a city in Erie County, about 26 miles southeast of Erie, on the Erie, the Philadelphia & Erie, and the Western New York and Pennsylvania railroads. It was settled in 1860, and developed rapidly because of the petroleum deposits which underlie the city and vicinity. It has varied manufactures of iron wares, several mineral springs, and is the location of the State fish hatchery. Pop. (1910) 5,991.

Corryvreckan, kor-ri-vrěk'an, a noted strait and whirlpool, on the west coast of Scotland, between the islands of Jura and Scarba. The breadth of the strait is about one mile, and because of the noise of the water rushing through it during storms the passage is terrifying, though not very dangerous.

Corsac, kôr'sǎk, or Adive (Vulpes canis, or cynalopex, corsac), a species of fox or dog found in Central Asia, Siberia, and India, sometimes called the steppe-fox. Its color varies from reddish-yellow in summer to a whitish tinge in winter. The Kirghiz hunt the corsac for its soft, thick, warm fur. About 50,000 pelts come to market annually. It is gregarious, prowls by day, burrows, and lives on birds and eggs. The corsac stands captivity well and is often seen in zoological gardens.

with "courser" or "cruiser"), a term employed Corsair, kôr'sar (Fr., in origin identical of the coast of Barbary the corsairs of their to denote pirates or their vessels. By the princes states were commissioned to attack the merchant ships of foreign nations, and they became the scourge of the Mediterranean. At the commencement of the present century nearly all the nations of Christendom paid tribute to the Barbary states, but the insolence of the dey of Algiers toward Capt. Bainbridge, on his arrival there in September 1800, with the annual tribute, led to remonstrances on the part of the United States. In 1801, Yussuf, bey of Tripoli, declared war against the United States, from dissatisfaction with the amount of tribute, and