as a system could equally well be attacked by labor unions, which naturally desire to supply state institutions as well as other sources of demand. Although it has but a limited field, the state-use system is growing; it is used in most of the northern States and is authorized by the Federal government for the Fort Leavenworth penitentiary.

The lease system calls for special notice. Its particular habitat is the South, where after the war a remodeling of the penitentiary system was demanded because of the addition of the negro factor to the problem, more than 90 per cent of convicts in most States being negroes. Both expense and the need of out-door work on the part of the negro made impracticable the continued use of walled penitentiaries, which moreover would have been quite inadequate under new conditions. The lease system came into general use in the late forties, and felons were worked in coal and iron-mills, saw-mills, and farms. A chief inspector had general charge, but the responsibility, which was scarcely more than nominal, was upon the lessee and his inspectors and physicians. In many States this system gave rise to horrible abuses. In Georgia it was abolished in 1897 and the State camp system put in its place. The death rate dropped from over 7 to 1.4 per cent in four years. Pay was allowed the prisoner who volunteered to do extra work, and the more brutal forms of corporal punishment abolished. But even in Georgia the county chain gang, made up of minor offenders, under supervision of county road commissioners, is still cruel and vicious. Worse than the county chain gang of Georgia, where only 45 per cent are hired to private individuals, is the system in other States. Alabama, notably by its contract law of 1901, which was declared unconstitutional in 1903 by a United States circuit court judge, made possible the following scheme of peonage: A minor offender and often a perfectly innocent person is sentenced to a light fine which the constable offers to pay for a certain number of months' work. At the expiration of this period a new charge is trumped up, or the negro induced to attempt escape, he is again tried and sent to the convict camp or fined for the benefit of the constable and his backers. The universal disapproval of this system in the South and the prompt action of the Federal authorities has led to the abolition of its worst features.

On convict labor consult Vol. III. of the 'Report of the United States Industrial Commission' (1900); Liszt, 'Die Gefängnisarbeit' (1900); Wright Prison Labor,' in the Catholic University Bulletin' (October 1899); and Roux, 'Le travail dans les prisons' (1902).

Convocation, an assembly of the clergy of England, belonging either to the province of Canterbury or to that of York, to consult on ecclesiastical matters. From the fact that the province of Canterbury is the more influential of the two, the Convocation of the province of Canterbury is often spoken of as "the" Convocation, as if there were only one. In both provinces the Convocation consists of two Houses, an upper and a lower. In the former sit the bishops, and in the latter the deans and archdeacons, along with the proctors, who represent the inferior clergy and the chapters of cathedral churches. In the Convocation of the

province of York the usual practice has always been for all the members to sit in one House. Originally convocations were merely ecclesiastical councils that had no special privileges or recognized political status, but gradually they came to assume their present form, being endowed with the right of passing canons, of determining their own taxation, etc. When thus formed into an assembly, having certain political as well as ecclesiastical functions, there was only one Convocation for all England, and this lasted down to the beginning of the 14th century, when the clergy of the two provinces began to meet in separate Convocations. The archbishop of each province has the right of summoning Convocation, but he cannot do so without the royal consent, nor can the Convocation pass any canons without the same authority; and from its judicial proceedings there lies an appeal to the sovereign in council. In 1664 the practice of granting subsidies to the crown, in the exercise of the right of self-taxation enjoyed by the clergy, was discontinued, and since that time their functions have been mostly formal. In the reigns of William III. and Queen Anne the Convocation of the province of Canterbury recovered some degree of importance, but in 1717 that temporary influence was again lost, and from that year down to a recent period the practice was to prorogue the Convocation as soon as it had assembled. Since 1852, however, the Canterbury Convocation has met regularly two or three times a year for the transaction of business relating to the Church, and in 1861 it exercised its legislative power, the first time for a long series of years. On the opening of a new Parliament a new Convocation is summoned. If the crown desires to refer any question to Convocation, "letters of business" are issued, directing that question to be taken into consideration.

The term Convocation is also applied to the legislative bodies of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

or

or

Convolvulaceæ, kon-vol-vu-lā'sē-ē, Bind'weeds, an order of herbaceous shrubby plants, usually twining, with plaited corolla, imbricated calyx, alternate undivided or lobed and pinnatifid leaves; bell-shaped flowers, axillary or terminal; five free stamens; and fruit with two or three cells. Many of the order contain a milky and resinous juice possessing purgative properties more or less drastic. Jalap is derived from the Convolvulus jalapa, an inhabitant of Mexico and the southern parts of the United States; and scammony (Convolvulus scammonia) is a resinous substance possessed of nearly the same properties as jalap. Some species of the order have tuberous and fleshy roots containing a farinaceous and saccharine principle which fits them for food for man and beast. Among these is Convolvulus batatas, South America, but now cultivated in all counthe sweet potato, originally from India or tries where it can stand the climate. Convolvulus dissectus abounds in prussic acid and is one of the plants used in the preparation of the liqueur called noyau. The species of Rhodorhiza yield by distillation an essential oil called oil of rhodium, which has a bitter balsamic flavor. Their wood, when powdered, forms an agreeable snuff, and when burned is very fragrant. There are about 40 genera and 900 species widely distributed.

Convolvulin, kon-võl'vū-lin, the purgative constituent of jalap (CHO), obtained from the root by treatment with water and strong alcohol. The alcoholic extract is mixed with water, boiled with animal charcoal, filtered, evaporated, and treated with ether as long as anything dissolves. Pure convolvulin is transparent and colorless, brittle at 212° F., fuses at a higher temperature to a clear liquid, and is decomposed by strong heating. It is insoluble in water and ether, but soluble in alcohol. It has no taste or smell. In doses of two or three grains it is a powerful purgative, and in larger quantities is fatal to animals. By treatment with alkalies it is converted into convolvulic acid, and by acids into convolvulinol (C1H2O) and glucose.

Convolvulus, the typical genus of the natural order Convolvulacea (q.v.), or morningglory family, formerly known as bindweeds. There are about 175 species widely distributed in temperate and tropical climates, some 15 of which are found throughout the southern and western United States.

Con'voy (Fr. convoyer, "to accompany"), in nautical language, a fleet of merchantmen bound on a voyage to some particular port or general rendezvous under the protection of a ship or

ships of war. The name is also given to the

ship or ships appointed to conduct and defend them on their passage thither. It is used in much the same sense as the military term "escort."

Convulsion, a disordered action of muscles, known by violent, purposeless, and involuntary contractions. Single muscles or groups of muscles may be attacked, and sometimes the whole body is convulsed; and the contraction of the muscle may be of a tonic or clonic character. In the latter case the muscular spasm is of short duration and soon recurs, each spasm alternating with a period of relaxation; while in the former case the spasm is prolonged, and after a more or less lengthened period passes off. The chief diseases in which convulsions are

a characteristic feature are epilepsy, hydrophobia, tetanus or lock-jaw, and Saint Vitus' dance or chorea. They are common also in inflammatory affections of the brain, in meningitis, for example, water-in-the-head, and in other brain affections; and in women hysterical convulsions are not uncommon. Again, convulsions occur in some diseases associated with the introduction of poisonous material into the blood, or the retention of waste substances that should have been expelled. Convulsions in women in childbirth, or afterward, are connected with such a condition, as well as convulsions attending kidney disease. In children convulsions are more common than in adults, and are associated with a more readily excitable condition of the nervecentres, especially of the spinal cord and an undeveloped controlling action of the higher brain-centres. Children are often the subjects of convulsions during dentition, particularly when accompanied by a disordered state of the bowels or the presence of worms; and often these two latter conditions are the sole cause of convulsions in young persons. In every case the immediate cause of the convulsion is an irritation of some part of the nervous system leading to a sudden and disorderly discharge of nervous energy to the associated muscles, which are thus thrown into contraction.

Convulsionists, or Convulsionaries, a sect of religious fanatics originating among the Jansenists of France about 1730. Three years previously a charitable and ascetic deacon of Paris, one Francis, died, and was buried in the cemetery of Saint Médard, in one of the suburbs of the capital. Reports of miracles wrought at his tomb spread among the people, and soon the cemetery was the scene of extraordinary manifestations. As the devotees approached the tomb, many were seized with convulsions, or took to dancing and contortions, accompanied by shouts and other eccentric demonstrations. Some of their utterances were accounted as prophecies miraculously inspired by the venerated dead. Most of them were directed to the support of the Jansenist doctrines; but some of the fanatics, by denouncing the throne, and predicting its downfall as well as that of the Church, drew the attention of the government and the ecclesiastical authorities. The cemetery was ordered to be closed; but the same virtue that seemed to be possessed by the tomb was also inherent in earth surreptitiously obtained from it, and the manifestations continued. failed to stop them, but the fanaticism gradImprisonment ually died out in about 20 years. An account of this sect was published in Paris in 1864, entitled 'Histoire des Miracles et des Convulsion

Saint Médard.'

Con'way, Hugh. See FARGUS, FREDERICK JOHN.

Conway, Katharine Eleanor, American journalist and poet: b. Rochester, N. Y., 6 Sept. 1853. Since 1883 she has been an assistant editor of the Boston Pilot. Her published books include: 'On the Sunrise Slope' (verse); Watchwords from John Boyle O'Reilly (edited); A Dream of Lilies (verse); A Lady and her Letters); Making Friends and Keeping Them); Questions of Honor in the Christian Life': 'Bettering Ourselves'; 'New Footsteps in Forbidden Ways' (travel sketches); 'Other Ways,' a novel; 'Lalor's Maples,' a novel, with Mrs. Erskine Clement; Christian Symbols and Stories of the Saints' (1886).

Conway, Moncure Daniel, American clergyman and author: b. Stafford County, Va., 17 March 1832; d. 1907. Graduated at Dickinson College in 1849, entered the Methodist ministry in 1850, and later studied at the Harvard Divinity School. He held Unitarian pastorates in Washington, D. C., and Cincinnati. From 1863 to 1884 he was minister at South Place Chapel, in London, England, and again, 1892-7. His published books include: Tracts for To-day' (1857); 'The Rejected Stone' (1861); The Golden Hour (1862); Testimonies Concerning Slavery (1864); The Earthward Pilgrimage (1870); Sacred Anthology' (edited) (1872); 'Idols and Ideals' (1874); Travels in South Kensington (1875); 'Demonology and Devil Lore) (1879); The Wandering Jew) (1880); Thomas Carlyle) (1881); 'Emerson at Home and Abroad' (1882); George Washington and Mount Vernon'; Omitted Chapters of History Disclosed in the Life of Edmond Randolph' (1887); Pine and Palm,' a novel (1887); Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne) (1890); Prisms of Air, a novel (1891); Life of Thomas Paine' (1892); Barons of the Potomac and the Rappahannock' (1892); Centenary History of South Place Chapel' (1893); Solomon and

Conway, Thomas, general in American service: 5. Ireland 27 Feb. 1733; d. about 1800. He was educated in France, and entering the army there became a colonel. He came to America in 1777 and offering his services to the Continental Congress was appointed brigadier-general, and subsequently inspector-general, with the rank of major-general. He intrigued against Washington to have Washington superseded by Gen. Gates, and he and his associates were known as "Conway's Cabal." He resigned in 1778, went to France, and was made governor of Pondicherry.

Conway, SIR William Martin, English explorer and mountain climber: b. Rochester, Eng., 1856. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; was university extension lecturer 1882-5; professor of art at University College, Liverpool, 1885-8; and since 1901 has been Slade professor of fine arts at Cambridge. In 1892 he traveled extensively in the Himalayas, and in the Alps in 1894; he explored the interior of Spitzbergen 1896-7, and the Bolivian Andes in 1898, as well as the glaciers of Tierra del Fuego. Among the high peaks he has ascended are one in the Himalayas of 23,000 feet, and Aconcagua, Illimani, and Sorata in the Andes. He was knighted in 1895 and received a gold medal for mountain surveys at the Paris Exhibition in 1900. He has published: "Woodcutters of the Netherlands in the 15th Century) (1884); Gallery of Art of the Liverpool Royal Institution (1885); The Artistic Development of Reynolds and Gainsborough (1886); Early Flemish Artists' (1887); Literary Remains of Albrecht Dürer) (1889); Dawn of Art in the Ancient World' (1891); Climbers' Guide Books to the Pennine and Lepontine Alps,' etc. (1890); Climbing and Exploration in the KaraKoram-Himalayas (1894); The Alps from End to End (1895); The First Crossing of Spitzbergen (1897); With Ski and Sledge over Arctic Glaciers' (1898); The Bolivian Andes' (1901); The Domain of Art (1902); The First Italian Renaissance (1902); Aconcagua and Tierra del Fuego' (1902).

Conway, Ark., county-seat of Faulkner County, on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern K.R., about seven miles east of the

bend of the Arkansas River at Sevier, and 25 miles northeast of Little Rock in an air line. The town has an extensive trade in cotton, lumber, and flour. It is lighted by electricity, and governed by a mayor and council. The educational advantages are among the best of any of the agricultural towns of the State. The Methodist Episcopal Church South maintains Hendrix College, established in 1884. The town was founded in 1871. Pop. (1910) 2,794.

Conway, N. H., a town in Carroll County, famous for the beauty of its natural scenery, which makes its villages among the most popular summer resorts in the White Mountain region. The town lies along the Saco River, on the Boston & Maine R.R., about 75 miles north by west of Portsmouth. There are extensive granite quarries in the town, and a few lumber mills. Pop. (1910) 3,413.

Con'way, Conwy, or Aberconwy, Wales, a town and parliamentary borough of the county

Bangor. It is picturesquely situated on the left bank of the Conway River, and is surrounded by an old wall still in good preservation, 12 feet thick, and fortified with towers and battlements. The old castle of Conway, erected toward the end of the 13th century by Edward I., is one of the most magnificent structures of the kind in England. Many parts of it are still entire, including the state hall, which is 130 feet long, 32 broad, and 20 high. A suspension bridge was thrown over the river in 1826, and in 1848 another bridge was built by Robert Stephenson for the accommodation of the Chester & Holyhead Railway. It is a wrought-iron tubular bridge on the same principle as the Britannia bridge over the Menai Strait. Conway unites Pwllheli in returning one member to Parliament. with Carnarvon, Bangor, Criccieth, Nevin, and Pop. about 5,000.

Conway, a river of Wales, rising from two head-streams, one in the southeast of the county of Carnarvon, and the other in the southwest of the county of Denbigh, which unite about 15 miles south of Conway. The united stream flows north, separates Carnarvon from Denbighshire, and falls into Beaumaris Bay after a course of from 25 to 30 miles. It is navigable to Llanrwst, or about 10 miles from its mouth.

Con'way Cabal', 1777-8, in American history: an intrigue headed by Horatio Gates, Charles Lee, Thomas Mifflin (then quartermaster-general), and James Lovell of Boston (Gates' confidant, and an unsparing contemner of Washington); with Thomas Conway as a tool. The prime object was to displace Washington by Gates; and there were plenty of other ambitions which hoped to reap advancement in the overturn. It gained its momentum from that popular clamor for immediate success in a war, which settles into patience and fair judgment as the war proceeds, but rarely before cruel and irremediable wreck has been made of the repute of capable officers. Washington's magnificent use of his slender resources, against superior force, obstructionism, and treachery, was not appreciated; Gates, wrongfully accredited with the laurels of Saratoga, was the hero of the moment, believed to be capable of restoring good fortune; and much better men than the above the Adamses, Dr. Rush of Philadelphia, head of the army. In November 1777 the Board etc. were anxious to have him placed at the of War was reconstituted: Gates was made president, with liberty to serve in the field at will that is, put over Washington's head with power to supersede him; and shortly afterward Conway tion with limitless facilities for spite. was made inspector-general, an indefinite posiWashington had previously opposed his promotion to major-general, on the confidentially expressed ground that he was an empty braggart and tireless beggar; and the angry and disappointed Conway, all impulse and vanity, joined the "cabal" so hotly that it was known by his name. His appointment was meant by the head conspirators as an open snub to Washington, in hope of forcing him to resign at once, or by Conway's power of insult and annoyance. Lovell denounced Washington without stint; anonymous letters were circulated, disparaging him and exalting Gates. Finally Conway sent Gates a letter with a pungent epigrammatic sentence

vilifying Washington; Gates showed it to his aide, James Wilkinson, whose career lacks no incidents but creditable ones; Wilkinson while mellow repeated it to a staff officer of Lord Stirling whom he met on business; Stirling was told of it, and at once warned Washington what his brother officers were writing about him. Washington wrote to Conway that he had been told of the sentence in a letter of his to Gates; Conway was alarmed and let Mifflin know it; Mifflin wrote to Gates that a copy of one of Conway's letters to him must have fallen into Washington's hands, and he ought to be more careful. Gates jumped to the conclusion that Alexander Hamilton, Washington's adjutant, must have rummaged his papers on a visit to his camp in the North; and at once wrote to Washington that some of his letters must have been privately copied, and unprincipled scamps like this should be ferreted out for fear they might betray secrets to the enemy, and that he had sent a copy of Washington's note to Congress-the aim being to discredit Washington as keeping spies to pry into other men's correspondence. Washington saw through the game, and told Gates so plainly enough. He explained precisely where his information came from; adding that he had told no one but Conway, to let him know he was watched, and Lafayette, not wishing to give the British hopes through discords in the army. Gates wrote again, denying that he had ever received more than one letter from Conway, or that even that contained the sentence quoted, and declared Wilkinson's assertion a libel. Unfortunately his second letter was belied by his first, and Washington briefly wrote as much. Then Wilkinson, who had been made secretary to the Board of War, challenged Gates, who denied that he had ever said any ill of him; Wilkinson was calmed till he afterward saw the letter in which Gates had given him the lie, when he wrote a furious letter to Congress against Gates and resigned his place. By this time the whole plot was blown abroad, and had begun to disgust the public with the meanness and trickery of it all, and with the members. Then Gates undertook to send Lafayette on a senseless expedition to Canada, promising him abundant men and supplies; and so utterly failed of providing either, and the scheme was so disapproved by the public, that it pricked the Gates bubble. Conway resigned conditionally, and to his misery and despair was taken unconditionally; Gates and Mifflin were removed from the Board of War, and Gates was assigned to the forts on the Hudson, with emphatic warning to report to Washington. The adherents or helpers of the cabal disclaimed all connection with it, and Conway shortly went to France.

Conwell, Russell Herman, American Baptist clergyman: b. Worthington, Mass., 15 Feb. 1842. He studied law at the Yale and Albany law schools, and was an officer in the Federal army in the Civil War. He was immigration agent of Minnesota in Germany 1867-8; foreign correspondent of the New York Tribune and Boston Traveler 1868-70; and practised law in Boston 1870-9. He was ordained in the Baptist ministry in 1879; was pastor of Grace Baptist Church, Philadelphia, 1881-91; founded Temple College in 1888; and has been pastor of the Philadelphia Baptist Temple since 1891. He has

published: 'Why the Chinese Emigrate); Woman and the Law'; 'Life of C. H. Spurgeon'; 'Acres of Diamonds); Present_Successful Opportunities'; 'Lives of the Presidents, etc.

Co'ny, or Co'ney, an old name for the rabbit; used also in the English version of the Bible as a translation of a Hebrew word probably meaning the Hyrax syriacus, a rabbitlike animal common in Syria and Palestine, inhabiting clefts of rocks.

Conybeare, kun'i-ber, John, English prelate: b. Pinhoe, near Exeter, 31 Jan. 1692; d. Bath 13 July 1755. He studied at Exeter College, Oxford, received orders, and was curate at Fetcham in 1717. He returned to Oxford in 1718, became successively tutor in his own college, preacher to his majesty at Whitehall, rector of St. Clement's, Oxford, and in 1730 master of Exeter College. In 1732 he published his celebrated 'Defense of Revealed Religion,' in answer to Tindal's 'Christianity as Old as the Creation.' In that year also he was appointed dean of Christchurch; and in 1750 succeeded Butler as bishop of Bristol.

Conybeare, John Josias, English clergyman and scientist: b. London June 1779; d. Blackheath, Kent, 10 June 1824. He was grandson of John Conybeare (q.v.), and was educated at Oxford, becoming professor of Anglo-Saxon there in 1807, and of poetry in 1812. He was also vicar of Batheaston, Somerset. He published scientific papers on geology and chemistry, but is remembered chiefly for his 'Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.'

Conybeare, William Daniel, English geolgist and clergyman: b. London 7 June 1787; d. Itchenstoke, Hampshire, 12 Aug. 1857. He was a brother of J. J. Conybeare (q.v.), and became dean of Llandaff in 1844. He published various geological papers and was eminent among the geologists of his day.

Conybeare, William John, English clergyman: b. England 1 Aug. 1815; d. Weybridge, Surrey, 1857. He published 'Perversion,' a religious novel (1856); and 'Essays Ecclesiastical and Social,' but is principally known for his joint authorship with Dean Howson of the popular (The Life and Epistles of Saint Paul' (1851).

Cooch Behar, kooch bä-här', or KuchBehar, India, a native state and in political relation with the government of Bengal. It forms a level plain of triangular shape, intersected by numerous rivers, and is entirely surrounded by British territory. The greater portion of the soil is fertile and well-cultivated. The chief town, Cooch Behar, contains some handsome public buildings and a splendid new palace of the Maharajah, and has a population of 9,535. Area of state 1,307 square miles. Pop. 600,000.

Coo'dies, The, in the political history of the United States, a nickname applied to those members of the Federalist party in New York who favored the War of 1812. It was adopted from the fictitious name, Abimalech Coody, assumed by the leader of the faction, Gulian C. Verplanck (q.v.) when writing in the public prints.

was professor of zoology and entomology there 1869-93, when he became professor of zoology in Pomona College, Claremont, California. He was one of the first to make kerosene emulsion (1877), and to advocate and demonstrate the use of the arsenites as a specific against the codling moth (1880). He has published: Injurious Insects of Michigan' (1873); 'Manual of the Apiary) (1876; 14th ed. 1886); (Silo and Silage'; Maple Sugar and the Sugar Bush.'

Cook, Albert Stanburrough, American educator: b. Montville, N. J., 6 March 1853. He graduated at Rutgers College 1872, and studied Göttingen and Leipsic 1877-8, London and Jena 1881-2. He was professor of English in the University of California 1882-9, when he became professor of the same in Yale University. He is best known as an AngloSaxon scholar, and as an indefatigable editor of Anglo-Saxon and English literature texts and collections for use in high schools and colleges. His chief publications are: 'Siever's Old English Grammar (translated) (1885); The Phonological Investigation of Old English) (1888); "First Book in Old English' (1894); Glossary of the Old Northumbrian Gospels' (1894); 'Biblical Quotations in Old English Prose Writers. Part I. (1898); a striking presidential address before the Modern Language Association in 1898; The Province of English Philology, and with C. B. Tinker, Select Translations from Old English Poetry) (1902).

Cook, Charles, English Wesleyan clergy man: b. London 31 May 1787; d. Lausanne, Switzerland, 21 Feb. 1858. He entered the Wesleyan ministry in 1817. He traveled extensively in France and on account of his long continued evangelistic labors there is considered the founder of Methodism in France. See "Life,' by J. P. Cook (1862).

Cook, Clarence Chatham, American journalist and art critic: b. Dorchester, Mass., 8 Sept. 1828; d. Fishkill, N. Y., 2 June 1900. He contributed to the New York Tribune, a series of articles on American art 1863-9; and subsequently was its Paris correspondent. He was editor of the 'Studio' until its suspension. He published: The Central Park' (1868); The House Beautiful' (1878); Stools and Candlesticks,' 'Essays on Beds and Tables, and edited with notes a translation of the 7th German edition of Wilhelm's Lübke's 'History of Art (1878).

Cook, Edward Dutton, English novelist and dramatic critic: b. London 30 Jan. 1829; d. there I Sept. 1883. He was dramatic critic to the Pall Mall Gazette, and the London World. His novels include: Paul Foster's Daughter (1861); The Trials of the Tredgolds) (1864); Hobson's Choice) (1866). Other works by him are: Art in England' (1869); Hours with the Players (1870); 'Nights of the Play) (1883). Cook, Edward Tyas, English journalist: b. Brighton, Sussex, 12 May 1857. He was educated at Winchester College, and New College, Oxford, and was subsequently on the editorial staffs of the Pall Mall Gazette 1890-2; Westminster Gazette 1893-6; and the London Daily News 1896-1901. He has published Popular Handbook to the National Gallery'; Studies in Ruskin'; Popular Handbook to the Tate Gallery); The Rights and the Wrongs of the Transvaal War) (1901).

Cook, Eliza, English writer of verse: b. Southwark 1818; d. Wimbledon, Surrey, 24 Sept. 1889. She began at an early age to contribute articles to various periodicals, and her first volume of verse, which appeared in 1840, was very successful. In 1849 she published Eliza Cook's Journal,' which appeared weekly until 1854. She published New Echoes, and other Poems (1864), and in the same year received a pension from the Civil List. By their simplicity of theme and treatment her poems obtained a large measure of popularity in England and America. Her most familiar poem is The Old Arm Chair.'

Cook, Francis Ames, American naval officer: b. Northampton, Mass., 10 May 1843. He graduated at Annapolis 1863, and served for two years with Farragut in the West Gulf squadron. He became lieutenant-commander 1868; commander 1881, and captain in 1896. During the Spanish-American

war he commanded the

Brooklyn, the flagship of Commodore Schley's flying squadron, which took so conspicuous a part in the battle of Santiago, July 1898, when Cervera's fleet was destroyed.

Cook, Frederick Albert, American physician and explorer: b. Callicoon Depot, Sullivan County, N. Y., 10 June 1865. He graduated at New York University 1890. He was surgeon of the Peary Arctic expedition 1891-2, and of the Belgium Antarctic expedition 1897-9. He has received the decoration of the Order of Leopold, the gold medal of the Belgian Royal Society, and the silver medal of the Belgian Royal Geographical Society. He has written articles for the leading magazines, describing life in the polar regions, and a valuable account of his Antarctic experiences and scientific observations, entitled Through the First Antarctic Night' (1900).

Cook, George Hammell, American geologist: b. Hanover, N. J., 5 Jan. 1818; d. New Brunswick, N. J., 22 Sept. 1889. He graduated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., 1839, was senior professor there 1842-6, when he went to Rutgers College, remaining there until his death. At different periods of his. service he taught chemistry, natural history, geology, and agriculture. In 1864 he was elected vice-president of the college, and appointed State geologist the same year. In 1880 he was made director of the New Jersey agricultural experiment station. His writings consist chiefly of special contributions to scientific journals, his annual reports as State geologist, and a Geology of New Jersey,' published by that State in 1868.

Cook, James, English navigator: b. Marton, North Riding of Yorkshire, 27 Oct. 1728; d. Hawaii 14 Feb. 1779. After a meagre education he was apprenticed to a shop-keeper at Snaith, a small town on the sea-coast. Here he acquired a taste for the occupation of a sailor, and at the commencement of the French war in 1755 entered the royal navy. In 1759 he was made master of the Mercury, which belonged to the squadron sent against Quebec, and performed the hazardous service of taking soundings in the river St. Lawrence opposite the French encampment. He also made a chart of the river St. Lawrence below Quebec in a very satisfactory manner.