Coriander, kō-ri-ăn'der, an annual or biennial herb (Coriandrum sativum) of the natural order Umbelliferæ. It is a native of southern Europe and is cultivated for its fruit (Coriander-seeds), used for flavoring culinary dishes, liqueurs, and confectionery. The plant attains a height of about three feet, bears very finely divided strong-smelling leaves, and small white flowers in terminal umbels. The odor of the leaves is disagreeable, but that of the fruit, when fully ripe and dry, is pleasantly aromatic. In America the plant is less cultivated than in Europe, and is less favored than caraway; but it has been grown in gardens with other culinary herbs, and has escaped to fields, where it is rarely troublesome as a weed. It succeeds well upon any rich soil, and may be cultivated like parsley, caraway, or other sweet herbs of the same natural order. The fruit contains about 1 per cent of a volatile oil, which is the active principle. It is a mild and agreeable carminative, and is useful in flatulence and chronic dyspepsias.

Corinna, kō-rin'a, Greek lyric poetess of Tanagra, in Boeotia. She was contemporary with Pindar, whom she is said to have conquered five times at musical contests, and therefore her image, crowned with the chaplet of victory, was placed in the gymnasium of Tanagra. According to Pausanias, who relates this fact, she was so beautiful that her charms may have influenced in some degree the opinion of the judges. Of the numerous poems which the ancients ascribed to her, only a few fragments have come down to us. They have been collected by Bergk in 'Poetae Lyrici Graeci (4th ed. 1878), and by Schneidewin in Delectus Poetarum Græcorum' (1839). Madame de Staël has given the name of Corinne to the heroine of one of her novels.

Corinne, kō-rên, or Italy, a novel by Madame de Staël, published in 1807. Besides its romantic and sentimental interest, in its treatment of literature and art it has always been considered authoritative. It served indeed for many years as a guide-book for travelers in Italy, though modern discoveries have somewhat impugned its sufficiency. When it first appeared its success was instantaneous.

Corinth, a celebrated city upon the isthmus of the same name. It was renowned among the cities of Greece, commanded by its advantageous position a most important transit trade, and possessed all the splendor which wealth and luxury could create; while its citadel, the Acrocorinthus, rendered it one of the strongest fortresses of Greece. Only a few ruins remain to attest its ancient magnificence. Of the three ancient harbors the western harbor, Lechæum, on the Gulf of Corinth, is choked with sand, as is the eastern harbor, Kekhries (ancient CENCHREE), on the Saronic Gulf. These were anciently the chief harbors of Corinth. The shallow harbor Schoenos, now Kalamaki, at the eastern entrance of the canal across the isthmus, is used to some extent. There is still a wretched village on the site of ancient Corinth. New Corinth (Nea Korinthos) stands about three miles to the northeast on the coast of the gulf, on the railway from Athens to Patras. It is a small town built since 1858, is the capital of the eparchy of Argolis and Corinth,

and the seat of an archbishop. It has a harbor and custom-house. Pop. 5,000.

In ancient Corinth great exchange of Asiatic and Italian goods took place. The duty paid on these goods afforded a great revenue to the state; and the citizens accumulated such wealth, that Corinth became one of the most magnificent, but at the same time most voluptuous cities of Greece. Aphrodite was the goddess of the city, and courtesans were her priestesses, to whom recourse was often had, that they might implore the protection of the goddess in times of public danger; and a certain number of new priestesses were consecrated to her at the commencement of important enterprises. Lais and several other females of the same profession were distinguished by their great accomplishments and beauty, and the high price which they set on their charms; hence the old proverb, Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum, that is, "It isn't everyone that can afford to go to Corinth." The virtuous women celebrated a feast to Aphrodite apart from the others. the Eolian dynasty, which is represented as the The mythical Sisyphus was the founder of first that ruled in Corinth. It was conquered ruled by an oligarchy called the Bacchiadæ, in by the Heraclidæ, and Corinth was subsequently whose time the colonies of Syracuse and Corcyra were founded. This was overthrown by Cypselus in 657 B.C. Periander was the next ruler. Corinth took a prominent part in the development of Greek colonization and was long a great naval power. In the sequel Corinth became the head of the Achæan League, and was conquered and destroyed by the Consul Mummius, 146 B.C. Julius Cæsar, about a hundred years later, rebuilt it; but its commerce could took the road to Rome. A Christian community not be restored; the productions of the East now sprang up in the city under Paul's ministrations, and to it he addressed two letters. The Venetians received the place from a Greek emperor; Mohammed II. took it from them in 1458; the Venetians recovered it in 1687, and fortified the Acrocorinthus again; but the Turks, under Ali Comourgi, celebrated in Byron's 'Siege of Corinth,' took it anew in 1715, and retained it until Greece became independent. Against any enemy invading the Morea from the north, Corinth and its citadel were formerly of the highest military importance, and as a fortified post it continued of importance to modern times. But by the present Greek government it has been neglected.

Corinth, Advance on (30 April-30 May 1862), and Battle of (3-4 Oct. 1862). Corinth, Miss., an important strategical point, was early occupied by the Confederates. It was the objective point of Gen. Halleck's campaign, for which, early in April 1862, he was concentrating Grant's and Buell's armies at Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee River. On 3 April Gen. A. Sidney Johnston marched from Corinth with 40,000 men to strike and crush Grant before Buell could join him: surprised him on the morning of the 6th, at Shiloh; and after a severe fight drove him back to the river, where he was joined by Buell's advance division. Johnston was killed during the battle, and was succeeded by Gen. Beauregard. Grant and Buell renewed the battle on the 7th; Beauregard was defeated, and led his army back to Corinth, hav

ing lost 10,000 men.

Gen. Halleck joined the army at Shiloh, 11 April, assumed command, drew reinforcements from every direction, and at the end of the month had 110,000 men. Grant was second in command. On 30 April the movement began on Corinth, 27 miles distant, held by Beauregard with about 50,000 men, his army having been reinforced. Early in May Halleck began to throw up elaborate works. It was a siege from start to finish, the army entrenching from the Tennessee River to Corinth. On 9 May occurred an engagement in which the Union loss was about 180 killed and wounded; the Confederate loss about 160. Halleck continued his slow approaches, gradually gaining ground, and 28 May he was within a mile of Beauregard's main line. On the morning of the 30th it was discovered that Beauregard had made a clean retreat. At Baldwyn, 31 miles from Corinth, he remained until 7 June, when he fell back to Tupelo, 52 miles from Corinth. Halleck occupied Corinth on 30 May, and Gen. Gordon Granger's cavalry, supported by 50,000 infantry, followed Beauregard as far as Baldwyn and Guntown, and here the campaign for Corinth ended. The loss of Corinth was followed by the fall of Fort Pillow and Memphis and the opening of the Mississippi down to Vicksburg.

On Oct. 1862, Gen. Grant, in command of the Union army operating in west Tennessee and northern Mississippi, had about 48,000 effective men. Gen. Earl Van Dorn, commanding the Confederates in Mississippi, believing that a successful attack on Corinth would expel Grant from west Tennessee, concentrated Lovell's division of his own army, with the two divisions of Gen. Sterling Price's army at Ripley, 30 miles southwest of Corinth, 28 September. Next day he marched north, and arrived at 10 o'clock on the morning of 3 October, three miles northwest of Corinth, where he formed his army for attack. He had about 22,000 men. Rosecrans had been warned, and had made dispositions for the attack. In a severe action that day Van Dorn gained two miles of ground and captured two guns. The main works defending the town were close to it, and consisted of a series of heavily armed redoubts, connected by rifle-pits or breastworks. By 9 o'clock that night Rosecrans had formed his lines for the next morning's battle. It was after 9 o'clock of a still, intensely hot day, before Van Dorn attacked. The battle, which was fought with fury on both sides, did not exceed an hour in duration, and by noon Van Dorn's army, Lovell's division covering the rear, was in full retreat, from one of the most sanguinary fields of the War. Gen. Sterling Price, in his report, says: "The history of this war contains no bloodier page, perhaps, than that which will record this fiercely contested battle." At night Van Dorn halted at Chewalla, six miles from the field, next morning hastening his march for Pocahontas to retire by the way he had come. After fighting at Davis' Bridge over Hatchie River, in which he inflicted upon the Federals a loss of 539 killed and wounded, and himself lost 127 killed and wounded, 420 prisoners, and 4 guns, Van Dorn crossed the Hatchie at Crum's Mill, six miles south, and took the road to Ripley, thence to Holly Springs.

The Union loss at Corinth was 355 killed, 1,841 wounded, and 324 missing; an aggregate

of 2,520. Rosecrans says he buried 1,423 Confederates, but the Confederate reports show a loss of 505 killed, 2,150 wounded, and 2,183 missing; an aggregate of 4.838. Deducting the loss at Davis' Bridge (127 killed and wounded, and 420 prisoners), the Confederate loss at Corinth was 2,528 killed and wounded and 1,763 missing. Consult: Official Records, Vols. X. and XVII.; Grant, Personal Memoirs'; Sherman, 'Memoirs'; Greene, The Mississippi'; The Century Company's 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,' Vol. II.; Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard,' Vol. II.; Force, 'From Fort Henry to Corinth.?

E. A. CARMAN.

Corinth, Gulf of, a beautiful inlet of the Mediterranean, about 80 miles long, between the Peloponnesus and northern Greece, having the Isthmus of Corinth closing it in on the east. It is better known as the Gulf of Lepanto.

Corinth, Isthmus of, an isthmus connecting the Morea (Peloponnesus) with northern Greece. It varies in width from four to eight miles. A canal, about four miles long, was constructed across the isthmus in 1882-93, which enables vessels to sail from the Archipelago to the Adriatic without rounding Cape Matapan.

Corinthian Order, that order of Grecian architecture of which the most characteristic feature is the capital of the column, which is adorned with beautifully carved acanthus leaves, column is generally fluted, with a fillet between but varies considerably in minor details. The the flutings, and stands upon a base. The entablature is variously decorated, especially the cornice; the frieze may be quite plain, or sculptured with foliage and animals. The Corinthian order was not very common in Greece before the time of Alexander the Great. Among the Romans it was much employed. See ARCHITECTURE, Plate I.

Corinthians, Epistles to the, two epistles addressed to the Church at Corinth, which have been admitted as genuine writings of St. Paul by even the most critical assailants of the New Testament canon. They were written at a time when the Corinthian Christians had become divided into several parties, some of them inclining to the customs of the Jews. As expositions of doctrine they are second in importance only to the Epistle to the Romans. They are also the most instructive of all the inspired compositions of their class, from the insight which they furnish into the personal character of St. Paul himself, and the conditions of the apostolic Church. The first epistle may be divided into four parts. In the first (chaps. i.-iv.) Paul discourses generally on the dissensions among themselves because of attaching themselves to certain teachers. The second division (chaps. v.-x. 33) is occupied with the concerns of Christians as individuals, and treats of several questions, such as celibacy, which had caused dissension at Corinth. In the third portion of the epistle Paul gives directions for the decent celebration of public worship, with special reference to the abuses which prevailed in the celebration of the Lord's Supper. Lastly, in chapter xv. the doctrine of the resurrection is vindicated, and the epistle concludes (chap. xvi.) with a request that a contribution might be made for the saints at

Jerusalem. The second epistle arranges itself under three divisions. In the first (chaps. i.-vii. 16) the apostle speaks of his sufferings for the gospel's sake, and other matters. The second part (chaps. viii. ix.) enters at length on the subject of the collection for the poor saints of Jerusalem. In the third (chaps. x.-xiii.) Paul defends himself against his calumniators. The date of these epistles is 57 or 58 A.D.

Consult: Fouard, 'Life of St. Paul'; Conybeare and Howson, Life and Epistles of St. Paul'; Dean Stanley, Commentary on the Epistles.

Corinthians, Third Epistle of the, an apocryphal epistle or letter, which like one said to have been sent from the Corinthians to St. Paul, were both in Armenian. Apocryphal letters or epistles made their appearance at a very early period after the death of the apostles. See APOCRYPHA.

Corinto, Puerto de, poo-ar'to dā kō-rēn'tō, Nicaragua, the principal port of entry on the Pacific coast of that republic. A railroad, owned and operated by the government, connects it with Momotombo, at the head of Lake Managua, a distance of 58 miles. There are four regular lines of steamships which touch at Corinto, carrying passengers, mail and general cargo, and navigating the Pacific from North to South America. Owing to the intense heat and unhealthfulness of the place, very few people live there, except the government employees, steamship agents, and those employed on the railway and wharves. A "convention of peace and obligatory arbitration" was signed here 20 Jan. 1902, by plenipotentiaries of the governments of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Salvador, and Honduras.

Coriolanus, kō"ri-ō-lā'nus, Gaius Marcius, Roman hero, called Coriolanus because the city of Corioli, the capital of the kingdom of the Volsci, was taken almost solely by his exertions. Coriolanus became very unpopular when, during the famine which prevailed in Rome 490 B.C., he proposed to distribute the provisions obtained from Sicily among the plebeians only on condition that they would agree that the tribuneship should be abolished. Banished for this cause, Coriolanus, resolving to revenge himself upon his country, went to the Volsci and prevailed upon them to go to war with Rome before the expiration of the truce. He himself was joined with Attius Tullius in the command of their army, which immediately made itself master of the cities of Latium, and the Volscian camp was pitched in sight of Rome before troops could be raised for the defense of the city. The envoys sent by the senate returned with the answer, that Rome could purchase peace only by the surrender of the territory taken from the Volsci. A company of Roman matrons, headed by Veturia, the mother, and Volumnia, the wife of Coriolanus, at length subdued his resolution and he withdrew his army, but attempting to justify himself in an assembly of the Volsci was assassinated in a tumult excited by Attius. Shakespeare, in his play of Coriolanus, calls the hero's wife Virgilia, his mother Volumnia, and the Volscian leader Tullus Aufidius.

Coriolanus, a tragedy by Shakespeare (written about 1609). It is founded on North's (Plutarch.)

Cork, First Earl of. See BoYLE, RICHARD. Cork, Ireland, a maritime county, province of Munster, having Saint George's Channel south, County Limerick north, Kerry west, Waterford and Tipperary east. Extreme length, east to west, 110 miles; extreme breadth, 70 miles. The coast is indented with numerous bays and inlets, of which the more important are the bays of Bantry, Dunmanus, Long Island, and Clonakilty, Kinsale, and Cork harbors; and is serrated with headlands and promontories. Off the coast lie the islands of Clear, Whiddy, Dursey, Bear, and several smaller. The county is watered by the Bandon, Lee, and Blackwater, and numerous smaller streams. Pop. (1891) 438,432; (1901) 404,813; (1911) about 400,000.

Cork, Ireland, city in the south of Ireland, capital of the county of Cork, situated on the river Lee. It is 15 miles from the sea, and besides an upper harbor at the city itself, and quays extending over four miles in length, there is a lower harbor at Queenstown, 11 miles below. The entrance, deep and narrow, is strongly fortified on each side. Cork is the third city in Ireland, and exports great quantities of grain, butter, bacon, eggs, and live stock. The principal industries are tanning, distilling, brewing, and the making of tweeds and friezes. There are also iron foundries and yards for the building of iron ships. The principal buildings are the Protestant and Roman Catholic cathedrals, exchange, custom-house, chamber of commerce, court-house, Queen's College, etc. There is a naval dockyard at Haulbowline, an island within Cork harbor. Pop. municipal borough, 80,124; parliamentary borough, 104,496.

Cork, the external bark of a species of oak (Quercus suber) which grows in Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco, and is distinguished by the cellular texture of its bark, and the leaves being evergreen, oblong, somewhat oval, downy underneath, and waved. The area over which the culture extends is about as follows: Portugal, 600,000 hectares; Spain, 300,000 ha.; Italy, 80,000 ha.; France and her African possessions, 661,000 ha., of which 426,000 are in Algiers and 82,000 in Tunis. The cork oak grows in forests in the company mostly of firs and evergreen oaks, but in a part of Tunis there are forests consisting entirely of cork oaks. The bark of these Tunisian forests is said to be of an extraordinarily excellent kind. France, Great Britain, Germany, and the United States receive about 85 per cent of the total production of cork. Germany, Russia, and the United States have no prohibitory duties on importation of cork and cork goods, and admit the material free or with only a trifling impost. Great Britain also permits of the free entry of cork and draws most of its supplies from France, Spain, and Portugal. The last named takes the chief place in cork productions, producing nearly one half of the total growth of the bark-about 450,000 quartels out of the million produced. The greater part of thisperhaps three fourths is the crude bark, while the remainder is in manufactured stoppers. Spain exports only manufactured wares. In the collecting of cork it is customary to slit it with a knife at certain distances, in a perpendicular direction from the top of the tree-trunk to the

bottom; and to make two incisions across, one near the top and the other near the bottom of the trunk. For the purpose of stripping off the bark, a curved knife with a handle at each end is used. Sometimes it is stripped in pieces the whole length, and sometimes in shorter pieces, cross cuts being made at certain intervals. In some instances, after the perpendicular and transverse incisions are made, the cork is left upon the trees until, by the growth of the new bark beneath, it becomes sufficiently loose to be removed by the hand. After the pieces are detached, they are soaked in water, and when nearly dry are placed over a fire of coals, which blackens their external surface. By the latter operation they are rendered smooth, and all the smaller blemishes are thereby concealed; the larger holes and cracks are filled up by the introduction of soot and dirt. They are next loaded with weights to make them even, and subsequently are dried and stacked, or packed in bales for exportation. In the course of eight or nine years the same tree will yield another supply of cork.

The uses of cork were well known to the ancients, and were nearly the same as those to which it is applied by us. Its elasticity renders it peculiarly serviceable for the stopping of vessels of different kinds, and thus preventing either the liquids therein contained from running out, or the external air from passing in. The use of cork for stopping glass bottles is generally considered to have been introduced about the 15th century.

The practice of employing this substance for jackets to assist in swimming is very ancient; and it has been applied in various ways toward the preservation of life when endangered by shipwreck. The cork jacket used to preserve the lives of persons in danger of drowning may be constructed as follows: Pieces of cork about three inches long by two inches wide, and the usual thickness of the bark, are enclosed between two pieces of strong cloth or canvas, and formed like a jacket without sleeves; the pieces of cloth are sewed together round each piece of cork, to keep them in their proper situations; the lower part of the jacket about the hips is made wide enough to give freedom to the thighs in swimming; and the whole is made sufficiently large to fit a stout man, and is secured to the body by two or three strong straps sewed far back on each side, and tied before; the straps being thus placed to enable any wearer to tighten it to his own convenience.

The floats of nets used for fishing are frequently made of cork. Pieces fastened together make buoys, which afford direction for vessels in harbors, rivers, and other places. In some parts of Spain it is customary to line the walls of houses with cork, which renders them_warm and prevents the admission of moisture. On account of its lightness cork is used in making artificial legs; and from its being impervious to water it is sometimes placed between the soles of shoes to keep out moisture.

In the cutting of corks (when they are made by hand, and not, as is now generally the case, by machinery), the only tool employed is a very broad, thin, and sharp knife; and as the cork tends very much to blunt this, it is sharpened on a board by one whet or stroke on each side after every cut, and now and then upon a common whetstone. The corks for bottles are cut length

wise of the bark, and consequently the pores lie across. Bungs and corks of large size are cut in a contrary direction: the pores in these are therefore downward-a circumstance which renders them much more defective in excluding air than the others. The parings of cork are used for making Spanish black, and largely in the manufacture of linoleum and similar goods.

Corleone, kōr-la-o'nā, Sicily, a town in the province of Palermo, and 22 miles south of the city of Palermo, near the source of the Belici. It is well built, has several churches and convents, a prison, royal college, and some other public edifices. The inhabitants are principally engaged in agriculture. Pop. about 15,000.

Corleone, a novel by Francis Marion Crawford, published in 1897. It is the fourth in the Saracinesca' series of modern Italian stories. The scene is mainly in Sicily. The vanni Saracinesca and hero of Sant' Ilario.' leading character is Don Orsino, son of GioThe novel takes its title from the fact that Vittoria, the Sicilian heroine, is of the Corleone race.

Cor'liss, George Henry, American inventor: b. Easton, N. Y., 2 June 1817; d. Providence, R. I., 21 Feb. 1888. The construction of stationary steam-engines was revolutionized by his improvements and a single engine_made by him moved all the machinery in the Centennial Exposition of 1876.

Corliss Engine. See STEAM ENGINE.

Corm, or Cormus, in botany, the dilated base of the stems of some plants, as the crocus, cyclamen, etc. It is commonly called bulb or root tuber, but is actually neither.

French painter: b. Paris 22 Dec. 1845. He Cormon, Fernand, fär-nän kor-môn, studied under Cabanel, Fromentin and others, and in 1875 he received the Prix de Salon; in 1887 a medal of honor at the Salon of that year; in 1889 the Grand prize at the Paris Exposition, and became an officer in the Legion of Stone Age (1884); The Victors of Salamis' Honor. His best-known works are: 'The (1887); other works of his are 'Cain' (1880), and The Raising of the Daughter of Jairus. His portraits have given him a high reputation in that branch of art.

Cormoran, a giant in the nursery tale Jack, the Giant-killer.'

Cor'morant (a corruption of the French words corbeau marin), the trivial name of a genus of aquatic birds included by Linné under Pelecanus, but properly removed thence by Brisson, to form a distinct genus, denominated Phalacrocorax. The cormorants constitute a family Phalacrocoracide of the order Steganopodes. They have the hallux united to the other toes by a common membrane, extending to the base of the broad nails, a condition described as totipalmate, and their feet are thus most admirably adapted for swimming; yet they are among the very few web-footed birds capable of perching on the branches of trees, which they do with great ease and security. The feet are short, robust, and rather turned outward; the legs are wholly feathered, and closely drawn toward the belly; the tarsus is naked, one third shorter than the outer toe, much compressed, and carinated before and behind. The wings are moderate and slender, with stiff quills, of which the second or third primaries are long

est; the tail is rounded, and composed of 12 to 14 rigid feathers. In the adult the external nostrils have become obliterated, an admirable adaptation to their diving habits, and a bony style is attached to the occiput. The male and female resemble each other in size and plumage, which is remarkable for the iridescent and bronzy reflections of the black feathers; but the young, especially when about a year old, differ greatly from the adult birds.

About 25 species of cormorant are at present known, and are distributed over the whole world. As illustrating their habits those of the common cormorant (P. carbo) are described. Like the pelicans, to which they are closely allied in conformation and habits, the cormorants reside in numerous communities near the waters, chiefly salt, whence they obtain fish. It is scarcely possible to imagine any animal better adapted to this mode of life, since they dive with great force, and swim under water with such celerity that few fish can escape them. While engaged in this chase they not only exert their broadly webbed feet, but ply their wings like oars to propel their bodies forward, which, being thin and keel-shaped, offer the least degree of resistance to the water. They swim at all times low in the water, with little more than their head above the surface, and, therefore, though large birds, might easily be overlooked by one unaccustomed to their habits. Should a cormorant seize a fish in any other way than by the head he rises to the surface, and tossing the fish into the air, adroitly catches it head foremost as it falls, so that the fins, being properly laid at the fish's sides, cause no injury to the throat of the bird. When standing on shore the cormorant appears to very little advantage, both on account of the proportions of its head, neck, and body, and because of its awkward manner of keeping itself erect, being under the necessity of resting upon its rigid tail feathers, in which attitude they have been likened to rows of black bottles stood out to dry. But, mounted in air, these birds are of swift and vigorous flight, and when desirous of rest alight on the branches of tall trees or the summits of rocks, where they delight to spread their wings

and bask for hours in the sun.

For breeding purposes vast numbers gather on precipitous cliffs and rocky islands on the ledges of which three or four eggs with white chalky shells are deposited on a bed of dry seaweed, etc. Along with those of other birds of similar habits the eggs are much sought by professional egg hunters.

That the services of birds, which are such excellent fishers, should be desired by man, is by no means surprising, and it is well known that the Chinese and Japanese have long trained cormorants to fish for them. This training is begun by placing a ring on the lower part of the bird's neck to prevent it from swallowing its prey. After a time the cormorant learns to deliver the fish to its master without having the ring on its neck. It is said to be a very interesting sight to observe the fishing boats, having but one or two persons on board and a considerable number of cormorants, which latter, at a signal given by their master, plunge into the water, and soon return, bringing a fish in their mouths, which is willingly relinquished. In some parts of Europe frequented by species of the cormorant, they commit great depredations

on the fish ponds which are kept for the purpose of supplying the tables of the proprietors, and in Holland they are said to be especially troublesome in this way, two or three of these greedy birds speedily clearing a pond of all its finny inhabitants. From their great voracity and entirely piscivorous regimen, it will readily be inferred that their flesh promises very little to gratify the epicure.

Phalacrocorax carbo, the common cormorant, or shag, is found on the coasts of both sides of the north Atlantic, in America migrating in winter as far south as New Jersey or beyond. In England this species was formerly trained to catch fish, and fishing with cormorants was a pastime much in vogue with the devotees to falconry and is still practised by a few gentlemen. The double-crested cormorant (P. dilophus) is confined to the northern parts of eastern North America, frequenting both fresh and salt water, and a southern form, which is now regarded as a variety of this species, is very abundant about the mangrove thickets of Florida. Cormorants are especially numerous on the Pacific coast of North America, where at least five species and several additional varieties occur, and other representatives of the family are found throughout the world.

Consult: Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 'Water Birds of North America.

ened.

Corn (from French corne, from Lat. cornu, a horn, from its horny nature), a hardened portion of cuticle produced by pressure. Corns but sometimes between them, on the sides of the are generally found on the outside of the toes, foot, or even on the ball. They gradually penetrate deeper into the parts, and sometimes occasion extreme pain. No part of the human body, probably, has been injured so much by our injudicious mode of dress as the feet, which have To this general become, in general, deformed. deformity of the foot belong the corns, produced by the absurd forms of our shoes and boots. They appear at first as small dark points in the hardened skin, and in this state stimulants or escharotics, as nitrate of silver (lunar caustic), rubbed with a pencil of the caustic every evenare recommended. The corn is to be wet and ing., It is well to have the skin previously softIf the corn has attained a large size removal by a cutting or ligature will be proper, if it hangs by a small neck it is recommended to tie a silk thread round it, which is to be tightmoved. In all cases of cutting corns very ened every day until the corn is completely regreat precaution is to be observed. The feet ought always to be bathed previously. Mortification has, in many instances, resulted from the neglect of this precaution, and from cutting too deep. Perhaps the most efficacious remedy for corns is the application of glacial acetic acid night and morning. This acid has a peculiarly destructive effect on the epidermis, of which corns are a hypertrophy. Another simple and generally very efficacious means, is the application of a thick adhesive plaster, in the centre of which a hole has been made for the reception of the projecting part. plaster must be added.

From time to time a

Corn, the generic term for all kinds of grain used for making bread, and is applied specifically to the principal breadstuff; in England to wheat, in the United States to Indian corn