113 lb. 10 oz. English. Thus 100 lb. English = 96.805 lb. Prussian weight. DRY MEASURE. The last is divided into 33 malters, 60 scheffels, 240 viertels, or 960 The last answers to 11 English quarters. metzen. 100 stoofs are forty-seven English gallons; and therefore one last of wine is 6203 English gallons. The last of beer is divided into six fass, twelve barrels, 1080 stoofs, and contains 540 English beer gallons. The ohm of wine is divided into 2 eimers, 4 ankers, or 128 quarts, and contains 39 English gallons. The hogshead is reckoned at 1 ohms and the pipe at 2 ohms. LONG MEASure. 180 ells of Dantzic are 113 English yards. ELSINORE. Accounts are kept here as in Copenhagen, except that the rix dollar is divided into 4 orts instead of 6 marks: thus 24 schillings Danish make 1 ort; and 4 orts, 1 rix dollar. The coins are the same as in Copenhagen. In paying the tolls, however, at the passage of the Sound, the monies are distinguished into three different values, namely, specie, crown, and current. Specie money is that in which the duties of the Sound were fixed in 1701. Crown money was the ancient currency of Denmark, in which tolls are sometimes reckoned. Current money is the actual currency of the country. The proportion between these denominations is as follows: Eight specie rix dollars are worth 9 crown rix dollars; 16 crown rix dollars are worth 17 current rix dollars: therefore, to reduce specie money into crown money, add ; and for the reverse operation, subtract. To reduce crown money into current money, add ; and for the reverse operation, subtract. Hence also 128 specie rix dollars are worth 144 crown rix dollars, or 153 current rix dollars; and therefore specie money is 12 per cent. better than crown money, and 1941 per cent. better than current money. Houses in the Baltic charge the Sound duties in the invoices, and have their own agents at Elsinore, to clear all the merchandise shipped by them; if this be not the case, the merchants at Elsinore then draw upon the owners or agents, where the goods are directed or addressed. WEIGHTS. A shippound from the Baltic, of 10 stone, is calculated as 300 lb. Danish. A Russian berkowitz as 300 lb. A pud as 30 lb. Danish. A centner from the Baltic as 110 lb. A cwt. English as 112 lb. Danish. Corn Measure of different Places reduced to Danish Lasts, for paying the Sound Dues. Three lasts will Stettin.... Barth..... Colberg. Six lasts for ... seven. four lasts. Elbing.. The same as Four lasts rec Wismar Revel.. koned as five. Anclam. Petersburgh. Rostock, five lasts for six. Sixteen Russian chetworts.... One cent. of twenty-eight muids French salt, from Rochelle eight..... One cent. from Bourdeaux. Thirteen raziers from Dunkirk 1 last. 321 One English chaldron, two weighs, two tons, or eighty bushels 1 LIQUID MEASURE. A tonneau of French wine is considered as four oxhofte, or twentyfour ankers. A pipe of Spanish or Portuguese wine as two oxhofte. Thirty Spanish arrobas, or twenty-five Portuguese almudas, as a regular pipe. Thirty Spanish arrobas, or forty-eight pots of oil, as a regular both, (pipe.) A hogshead of brandy as six ankers. A tierce as four ankers. An anker five velts, or forty Danish pots. The following articles are forbid to be imported :-Brimstone or buckram into Copenhagen or the island of Zealand; cloth, corn, earthenware, dried fish, or salt cod; woollen stuffs of all kinds; kersies; oil of linseed, hemp, and rape-seed; flannel and iron in bars, though prohibited, are allowed an uplag (which is a privilege granted to Copenhagen and Elsinore, where all foreign goods may be landed and exported, duty free, within a year) for exportation. Brandy, salt, tobacco, and wine, may not be brought into any port in Denmark, except Copenhagen. Wool cards are not importable in Zealand, but admitted any where else. GENEVA, AND OTHER CITIES OF SWITZERLAND. GENEVA, situated on the river Rhone, and on the lake of Geneva, and having direct water communication with parts of France, Italy, and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, is a place of no inconsiderable commercial importance. The natural productions of Geneva and its vicinity are not many; but the manufactures of clocks, of watches, of silk, linen, cotton, and woollen stuffs, are considerable, and of a superior kind: their principal markets for them are in Italy and Germany. They import colonial produce of all kinds, spices, dye woods, and tea, principally from Holland; raw cotton, silk, &c. from Italy; printed calicoes and some other manufactured goods from Great Britain; wines and brandies from France; but the merchants of Geneva and other principal cities of the Helvetic confederation, are ship-owners at Marseilles, Amsterdam, and other ports of France and Holland, and have establishments in different parts of Germany and Italy, and considerable commercial connexions in the British metropolis. The government of Switzerland has ordered all the public accounts of the Confederation to be kept every where in francs, containing ten batzen, each batze containing ten rappen. Two of these francs are equal to three French francs. But each canton still follows its own way in keeping accounts. Merchants at Geneva keep accounts in livres, at twenty sols of twelve deniers; but the government and shopkeepers in florins of twelve sols, the sol of four quarts, or of twelve deniers, petite monnoie (or small money.) Basle is, indeed, the principal place of exchange in Switzerland, and there accounts are kept commonly either in florius, divided into sixty kreuzers, and the kreuzer into eight hellers, or in dollars of two florins, or thirty batzen. Payments are made either in specie, the specie dollar at 23 florins, or in currency, the specie dollar at 2 florins. Berne has no exchange of its own, and bills are sold or made payable at Basle, or Geneva. An écu, or dollar, is three livres-a livre 3 florins at Geneva. On London, one écu for 46 pence sterling. 100 lb. English 82.372 lb. of Geneva, heavy weight, or 98.847 lb. light weight. DRY MEASURE. 100 coupes of grain are 27 Winchester quarters. The coupe of wheat weighs 110 lb. heavy weight, but that of rye 103 lb. Brandy, and Italian or Provence wine are sold per quintal of 104 lb., but common oil per charge of 230 lb. Wholesale dealers use the French aune; but 100 ells of Geneva, used in retail business, are equal to 125 English yards: 100 feet of Geneva are 160 feet English, There is a bank at Geneva under the direction of the merchants, which discounts the notes given to workmen by the jewellers and watchmakers, and where bills of exchange are made payable. Neufchatel, the capital of the principality of the same name, belonging to the king of Prussia, has some manufactures of cotton wool, and linen stuffs, which are much exported to Holland by means of the Aar and Rhine. Accounts are kept in livres of twenty sols, the sol of twelve deniers tournois of Neufchatel. Some retailers keep accounts in livres of twelve gros, the gros of twelve deniers. One livre tournois is 2 of these livres, which are called livres foibles, or small livres. GENOA was formerly a great commercial city, but is now fallen from its high estate," and its commerce gone into other channels, since it became subject to Austrian control. It still imports, under heavy duties, inconsiderable quantities of woollen goods, flax, leather, East and West Indian commodities, tin, sail cloth, and dried fish. The exports are chiefly raw silk, Smyrna cotton, marble fruit, and olive oil. Accounts are kept in livres of 20 soldi, each soldo of 12 denari. See Leghorn. There are two weights used here for merchandise, viz. the peso grosso and the peso sottile; the former is 10 per cent. heavier than the latter. 100 lb. peso grosso 76 lb. 14oz. avoirdupois. = 130.087 lb. of Genoa. DRY MEASURE. Corn is measured by the mina of 8 quarts, or 96 gombette, and answers to 3 bushels 3 gallons Winchester measure. LIQUID MEASUre. Wine is measured by the mezzarola, and is divided into 2 barilli, or 100 pints, and equals 391 English gallons. LONG MEASURE. The braccio 2 palmi, and answers to 22 English inches. GIBRALTAR, commanding the entrance into the Mediterranean, is a great commercial station, being a depôt for foreign produce, with which it supplies the adjacent provinces of Spain, and trades largely with the Moors of the opposite coast of Barbary. It is a free port, subject to no duties, and to few restrictions. Spirits cannot be landed unless accompanied by a cocket from England. The principal articles of commerce are enumerated in the list hereto annexed. Accounts are kept in current dollars (pesos) divided into eight reales, of sixteen quartos each; twelve reales currency are a cob or hard dollar, in which goods are bought and sold, and three of these reales are considered equal to five Spanish reales de vellon. |