part of the river has been improved by dredging where necessary, and is good for a depth of 10 feet from Turners Cut to Albemarle Point lighthouse, at the entrance from Albemarle Sound. Local knowledge is required in places to keep in the best water. Two drawbridges cross the river, one about 3 miles above Elizabeth City and the other at the city.

Elizabeth City, on the west bank of Pasquotank River 15 miles above Wade Point lighthouse, is one of the important towns on the inland waters of North Carolina. It has railroad communication and communication by launch or steamer with adjacent waters. Anchorage can be had just below the city on the north side of the channel, eastward of a red buoy, in 7 to 12 feet of water.

The bulkheads, forming the water front, have a sufficient depth alongside, and a vessel can usually find a berth. Provisions, anthracite and bituminous coal, some ship chandlery, gasoline, and water can be obtained. The river water is suitable for boilers at and above Elizabeth City. The largest marine railway is about 200 feet long, with a capacity of 800 tons, and there are facilities for repairing machinery and the hulls of wooden vessels. Storm warnings are displayed.

New Begun Creek is the only tributary of any importance below Elizabeth City. It empties into the Pasquotank River from the westward 734 miles above Wade Point lighthouse. The controlling depth over the bar and a section of the creek is 5 feet. Weeksville, the principal town on the creek, is 3 miles from the mouth.

DIRECTIONS, INSIDE ROUTE FROM NORFOLK TO ALBEMARLE SOUND.

Local knowledge is required in a few places to carry the best water, but vessels drawing not over 10 feet, proceeding with care, and exercising extra caution in the few places mentioned, should be able to make the passage through the Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal or 9 feet through the Dismal Swamp Canal with the aid of the charts and these directions. Strangers are advised not to run at night.

The places requiring extra caution are the Southern Branch of Elizabeth River above the mouth of Deep Creek for the route by way of the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, and Deep Creek and parts of Pasquotank River by way of the Dismal Swamp Canal.

DIRECTIONS, ALBEMARLE & CHESAPEAKE CANAL ROUTE.

Norfolk to head of North Landing River, 18 miles.-The Southern Branch of Elizabeth River has a length of 6 miles to the mouth of Deep Creek and 10 miles to the western end of the Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal. Entering the Southern Branch between Portsmouth and Berkley, follow a mid-river course until through the first bridge. After passing through the draw, steer 199° true (SSW. % W. mag.). When up to black spar No. 3, steer 168° true (S. 2 E. mag.) for 1/4 mile and up to red spar No. 2. Then steer 201° true (SSW. W. mag.) through the draw of the second bridge.

When above the second bridge pass southeastward of a red buoy and steer 248° (WSW. 1⁄2 W. mag.) for % mile, passing the buoys at a distance of 100 feet. When between a red buoy and a black buoy, which marks the turn, and a red tank is on the port beam,

steer 184° true (S. % W. mag.) and pass about 150 feet off the wharves of the creosote works on the eastern side. Then pass between a red buoy and a lighted beacon, which marks the turn, steer 230° true (SW. W. mag.), heading for the magazine wharf. Pass about 200 feet off the magazine wharf and haul southward and eastward, leaving the black buoys on the port hand, and pass about 200 feet off the lumber wharves on the southern side. When abreast the black buoy above them, steer 89° true (E. % S. mag.), heading midway between a red buoy and a small wharf on the northern side. When past the buoy, haul gradually southward for the draw of the third bridge, leaving another red buoy about 100 feet on the starboard hand. From just above the second to the third bridge the channel has been dredged 200 feet wide.

From the draw of the third bridge slightly favor the eastern bank for 1/4 mile, then favor the western bank for a distance of 1⁄2 mile, and then cross over so as to favor the eastern bank when abreast the mouth of Deep Creek.

From off the mouth of Deep Creek follow the eastern bank, passing eastward of the red and black horizontally striped buoy off the mouth of the creek and eastward of the red buoy above it. Then change course gradually to 188° true (S. by W. 14 W. mag.) and favor the west bank from the point on that side of the wharf of the burned mill just north of the fourth bridge.

Then pass through the draw and follow the west bank from the next point on that side to the black buoy just above it. Then haul over gradually so as to follow the east bank for a short distance above the next point on that side, and then follow the west bank from the point on that side, through the east draw of the fifth bridge, and to the bend 1/4 mile above the bridge.

Then go through a short dredged cut marked by single pile beacons at each end until past the red buoy, which lies in the next bend. Then keep near mid river and favor the west bank when passing the black buoy in the next bend and beacon on point. Then go through a dredged cut marked by single pile beacons and range until up to beacon 7 on the north shore.

Then be guided by the buoys into a dredged cut (the river bends to the northward). After passing through the cut cross the river, leaving beacon 9 to port and enter a long cut leading to the canal entrance, course 115° true (SE. by E. 14 E. mag.).

All boats are required to stop at the canal entrance (stone embankment) and furnish certain statistics. There is 8 feet of water alongside the embankment, and over the middle ground marked by buoys. No directions are necessary for the run through the canal; a good lookout should be kept for logs and snags. Careful steering will be required going through the railroad drawbridge, on account of the current there at certain stages of the tide.

North Landing River, Currituck Sound, Coinjock Bay and North River to Albemarle Sound, 42 miles.-North Landing River from the canal to light No. 1, a distance of 1011⁄2 miles, is 100 to 300 feet wide and has a depth of 12 feet or more. It is crooked, but the bends are as a rule easy. Several of the worse bends have been eliminated by

108136°-22- -10

dredging 12-foot channels through the marshy points. Vessels should keep in the middle of the river and give the points a good berth in rounding them. Some trouble may be experienced from snags or sunken logs. Two or three branches in the upper part of the river might confuse a stranger but with the aid of the chart no trouble will be had from this cause. About 12 miles below the bridge at North Landing is the first cut-off. Take the left-hand channel, leaving a clump of pines to starboard; a wreck lies in the old river channel at the eastern end. A farm is on the right bank 1⁄4 mile below the cut. Below the farm is another short cut across the marsh. The remains of an old wharf lie in the bend below West Neck Creek. Keep over on the eastern side to avoid the piles which do not show at high water. About 3 miles below the canal a branch (West Neck Creek) nearly as wide as the river leads eastward; some piles are driven partly across its mouth. About 12 and 321⁄2 miles below the canal branches lead westward, but noticeable only when approaching from southward.

Between light No. 1 and the head of North River, a distance of 19 miles, the channel is a dredged cut, 12 feet deep and 250 feet wide, to the entrance of Coinjock Bay and 12 feet deep and 90 feet wide from there to the head of North River. It is easily followed by means of the lights, which are placed at the turns, and the bush stakes which mark one side of the cut. Between lights Nos. 1 and 2 the bush stakes were on the western side of the cut, and between lights Nos. 2 and 8 on the eastern side, in 1921. Spoil banks are also visible on the western side between lights Nos. 7 and 8.

Passing eastward of light No. 1, the course is about 114° true (SE. by E. % E. mag.) for 11⁄2 mile to light No. 2, which is on the eastern side of the cut; then 153° true (S. by E. 7% E. mag.) for 23% miles to light No. 3, which is on the western side; then 164° true (S. by E. mag.) for 5 miles, passing light No. 4 and to light No. 5, which is on the western side; then 133° true (SE. 14 S. mag.) for 23% miles to light No. 6, which is on the eastern side; then 163° true (S. by E. mag.) for 2 miles to light No. 7, which is on the eastern side; and then 187° true (S. by W. 1% W. mag.) for 1 mile to light No. 8, which is on the western side at the entrance of a short canal and at a station of the Lighthouse Service.

From light No. 8 the course is 171° true (S. % E. mag.) for 25% miles to abreast a light on the east side, and the sides of the cut are partly bare and easily followed. From here to North River the canal has a 204° true (SSW. 5% W. mag.) direction for 21/4 miles. The canal is crossed by a drawbridge at Cornjock, where gasoline can be obtained. Thence the dredged cut has a 216° true (SW. % S. mag.) direction for 11⁄2 mile to light No. 9 to be left to starboard, and is generally marked by bush stakes.

From the light No. 9 at the head of North River steer about 172° true (S. 14 E. mag.) for 12 miles in a dredged channel, generally marked by bush stakes on the western side, until up with a red buoy. Pass westward of the buoy, and then favor the north side for a distance of 1 mile until through the narrowest part of the river. Then keep in mid-river, and then favor slightly the point on the west side in making the turn westward. Then steer about 234° true (SW. by W 14 W. mag.) and pass about 150 yards northward of the point on

the south side, where the river turns southward to a light. Then keep in mid-river, pass westward of a red buoy just above the light, pass 200 yards southwestward of the light, and steer 130° true (SE. mag.) for 34 mile to a black buoy. In making the turn southward of the light keep well off of it to avoid a point of shoal. Then steer 143° true (SSE. 34 E. mag.) through a dredged channel 12 feet in depth and to pass 100 feet westward of light No. 11. Then steer 162° true (S. by E. mag.) to pass 100 feet westward of light No. 12. Then steer 141° true (SE. by S. mag.) passing eastward of a black buoy marking a 612-foot shoal spot and southward of the front light and structure of the North River Bar Range. Then bring the two lights (rear light and structure on wharf at Jarvisburg) in line astern on a 186° true (S. by W. mag.) course, and cross the bar into Albemarle Sound, on this range, to a perpendicularly striped bell buoy, then follow the directions on page 143. The range leads through a dredged cut which is 12 feet deep.

DIRECTIONS, DISMAL SWAMP CANAL ROUTE.

Deep Creek, 211⁄2 miles.-Follow the directions on page 138 for the Southern Branch of Elizabeth River to the mouth of Deep Creek, and pass about 100 feet northward of the red and black horizontally striped buoy and nearly that distance southward of the red buoy in entering the creek. The channel in Deep Creek has been dredged about 100 feet wide and generally has little water on both sides of it. If near low water, the sides of the channel are generally indicated by the swash from the vessel's passage, and otherwise there is nothing to mark it. For a distance of 300 yards inside the entrance to the first bend the channel favors the north bank, and then for a farther distance of 300 yards until halfway to the next bend the channel favors the west bank. The channel then follows the middle of the creek, except in its widest part, 5% mile below the canal lock, where it follows the north bank.

Turners Cut is 334 miles long, and the only directions necessary are to keep in the middle. From the lock of the Dismal Swamp Canal it has a southerly direction for 3% mile, and then a southeasterly direction for 3% miles to Pasquotank River. About 5% mile below the lock the river crosses the cut in a north and south direction. At the southerly end of the cut the river joins it from west-southwestward.

Pasquotank River from Turners Cut to Elizabeth City, 121⁄2 miles.-In the following description the terms "right" and "left "banks are applied as seen when bound southward. Several branches, which enter from the right or western bank of the river, are liable to confuse a stranger; the rule is to keep to the left passage, bound southward. On account of some sharp bends in the narrow parts of the river and shoal water in the broader parts, strangers are advised to proceed with caution in its uncharted part above Elizabeth City. It is also advisable to keep the leads going on both sides, as the slope on either side of the channel is usually sufficient to make the difference in depth obtained with the two leads an indication of where the deeper water lies.

From Turners Cut to the point on the right bank just below Coopers Creek, a distance of 42 miles, the river gradually widens

from 100 to 300 feet, and a mid-river course should be followed. At this point the river widens suddenly, and the channel, which is a dredged cut 150 feet wide with a least depth of about 7 feet on either side, favors the left bank, following it at a distance of about 300 feet until around the next point on the left bank about 5% mile farther down. Here the dredged channel leads between two buoys and takes a 148° true (SSE. % E. mag.) direction to a position 350 feet off Shipyard Landing (on the left bank 52 miles below Turners Cut). Then change course gradually to 189° true (S. by W. 1⁄4 W. mag.) and pass 100 feet off the point on the right bank just below Shipyard Landing. Continue the course to mid-river, and so continue in the narrower part of the river around the next bend until approaching Goat Island.

When 614 miles below Turners Cut pass in mid-channel northeastward of Goat Island which is 1/4 mile long and has a black buoy at its upper and lower ends. Favor the left bank just below the island until abreast the mouth of the creek on the left bank. Then keep in mid-river. The Norfolk Southern Railroad bridge crosses the river 95% miles below Turners Cut. The draw has a clear width of 48 feet. In rounding the sharp point 1 mile below the railroad bridge, the bight may be favored slightly just above and below the point to assist in making the turn, but keep near mid-river off the point itself. Then keep in mid-river, favor the log boom and lumber wharf on the right bank in rounding the next point on that side, and then favor slightly the right bank until through the lift bridge at Elizabeth City, which is 121⁄2 miles below Turners Cut. Vessels may go alongside the wharves at Elizabeth City, either above or below the bridge. Anchorage is usually made around the bend below the bridge.

Pasquotank River from Elizabeth City to Albemarle Sound, 15 miles.— From the lift bridge favor the wharves of Elizabeth City, pass southward of a red buoy, and then steer 96° true (E. by S. mag.) for Hospital Point (on north shore) until in mid-river. Then steer 117° true (SE. by E. % E. mag.), pass 100 yards northward of Cobb Point light, and continue the course 21/2 miles past the light to a position 5 mile off the western shore below Brick House Point. Then steer 136° true (SE. 2 S. mag.) for 71⁄2 miles with Anson Point astern, keeping about in mid-river, leaving a red buoy nearly 1/4 mile on the port hand, a black buoy 1/4 mile on the starboard hand, and Poquoson Point light 1/4 mile on the port hand. From a position 12 mile southward of Poquoson Point light steer 106° true (ESE. % mag.), give the shore a berth of over 1/2 mile, and pass 3% to 1/2 mile northward of Wade Point lighthouse. Then follow the directions on page 144. If bound westward in Albemarle Sound, and of 7 feet or less draft, vessels can cross the shoal at the entrance to the river on a 180° true (S. 3% W. mag.) course with Poquoson Point light astern.

ALBEMARLE SOUND

is 46 miles long, and has a width ranging from 11 miles near its eastern end to 3 miles about 9 miles from its western end. This sound has a good navigable depth for any vessel that can enter through the canals, and with its numerous tributaries forms the approach to a number of towns and landings, from and to which several