steamers, barges, and a number of small sailing vessels are engaged in the carrying trade.

The eastern end of the sound, which is separated from the Atlantic by the narrow beach about 15 miles northward of Bodie Island lighthouse, is connected northward with Currituck Sound, and southward with Croatan and Roanoke Sounds, and by the latter sounds with Pamlico Sound. The water in the sound westward of Laurel Point lighthouse is usually fresh or slightly brackish.

The shores of the sound are now and generally wooded; there are no prominent natural features. The more important towns on the tributaries of Albemarle Sound are: Elizabeth City, on the Pasquotank River; Hertford, on the Perquimans River; Edenton, on Edenton Bay; Winton, on the Chowan River; Plymouth and Jamesville, on the Roanoke River; Columbia, on the Scuppernong River; and there are also numerous landings.

Supplies can be obtained at these towns, and there are marine railways at Elizabeth City. The rise and fall of the water level depends on the direction of the winds.

A railroad trestle crosses Albemarle Sound about 5 miles from its western end. There is one draw opening for vessels, 112 miles from the north shore, which is a lift bridge with a clear opening 140 feet wide, and is marked by a bell struck by hand during thick or foggy weather. There are also girder spans about 1/2 mile apart in the trestle, under which launches without masts can pass.

DIRECTIONS, ALBEMARLE SOUND.

The sound is comparatively free from dangers to vessels of the draft that navigate it. There are shoals making from the shore and the points along the shore of the sound. These can generally be avoided by giving the shore, and especially the points, a berth of at least 1 mile. From March to May, inclusive, the shoals in the sound are full of fish stakes and nets, especially along the north shore, where it is difficult to avoid them.

Directions for entering the sound by the inland passages through the canals and North and Pasquotank Rivers are given on pages 138 and 141.

HAVING COME FROM NORTHWARD THROUGH NORTH RIVER.

1. If bound to Croatan Sound.-When across the bar and up to the bell buoy, steer 161° true (S. by E. 14 E. mag.) for 612 miles. Then steer 145° true (SSE. 5% E. mag.) for 5 miles to a position about 250 yards eastward of the black buoy lying 1 mile northnorthwestward of Croatan light. This light should be a very little on the starboard bow on this course. Then steer 152° true (SSE. mag.) for Croatan light, and on nearing it change the course and pass 125 yards westward of the light. Fish stakes are numerous in the vicinity of Croatan light. Then follow the directions on page 151. 2. If bound to Alligator River, from the bell buoy a 205° true (S. by W. 7% mag.) course made good for 11 miles will lead to a position 3 mile westward of Middle Ground buoy at the entrance to the river.

3. If bound to Bull Bay or Scuppernong River, make good a 246° true (WSW. 14 W. mag.) course for 23 miles from the bell buoy.

Then, if bound into the bay, steer 220° true (SW. mag.) for the entrance buoy; or, if bound into Scuppernong River, 209° true (SSW. S. mag.) until the entrance range is on. Then follow the directions on page 148.

4. If bound to Edenton Bay or Mackey Creek or into Chowan Rivers. From the bell buoy a 254° true (W. by S. mag.) course made good for 29 miles will lead 21⁄2 miles southward of Wade Point lighthouse, 1 mile southward of Reeds Point light, 3/4 mile northward of Laurel Point lighthouse and 3/4 mile southward of the red nun buoy off Bluff Point. After passing this buoy bring Laurel Point lighthouse astern on a 264° true (W. 1 S. mag.) course, which made good for 621⁄2 miles will lead to the lift draw in the trestle crossing the sound. This draw is a conspicuous object for many miles. Then be guided by the direction under the proper headings on pages 147 and 148.

1A. HAVING COME FROM THE NORTHWARD THROUGH PASQUOTANK RIVER.

1. If bound to Croatan Sound.-When Wade Point lighthouse bears 265° true (W. mag.) distant 1 mile, steer 145° true (SSE. % E. mag.) for 141⁄2 miles to a position about 200 yards eastward of the black buoy lying 13% miles north-northwestward of Croatan lighthouse. The lighthouse should be made and kept a very little on the starboard bow on this course. Then steer 152° true (SSE. mag.) for Croatan lighthouse, and on nearing it change the course so as to pass 125 yards westward of the lighthouse. Fish stakes are numerous in the vicinity of the light.

2. If bound to Alligator River, bring Wade Point lighthouse to bear 270° true (W. 12 N. mag.) distance 12 mile and steer 187° true (S. by W. % W. mag.) for 1111⁄2 miles until up to Middle Ground buoy at the entrance to the river. Alligator River light will be almost ahead on this course.

3. If bound to Bull Bay or Scuppernong River, bring Wade Point lighthouse to bear 0° true ( N. 12 E. mag.) distant 1/2 mile and steer to make good a 239° true (SW. by W. 34 W. mag.) course for 1934 miles. Then, if bound into the bay, steer 220° true (SW. mag.) for the entrance buoy; or, if bound into Scuppernong River, 209° true (SSW. % S. mag.) until the entrance range is on. Then follow the directions on page 148.

4. If bound to Edenton or Mackays Creek, or into Chowan River, bring Wade Point lighthouse to bear 0° true (N. 12 E. mag.), distant 1/2 mile, and steer 245° true (WSW. 14 W. mag.) for 1234 miles to a position 1 mile southward of Reed Point light. Then steer 254° true (W. by S. mag.) for 1211⁄2 miles to a position 3/4 mile southward of the red nun buoy off Bluff Point. After passing this buoy bring Laurel Point lighthouse astern in a 264 true (W. 1/8 S. mag.) course, which made good for 612 miles will lead to the lift draw in the trestle crossing the sound. This draw is a conspicuous object for many miles. Then be guided by the direction under the proper heading on pages 147 and 148.

Pasquotank River is on the north side of Albemarle Sound and is marked at its entrance by Wade Point lighthouse, which lies 4 miles westward of North River entrance. The deeper entrance is eastward of Wade Point lighthouse; but with a smooth sea vessels

of 7 feet draft can cross the shoal westward of the lighthouse, taking care, however, to give Wade Point a berth of over 1 mile, or to keep Poquoson Point light bearing westward of 0° true (N. 3 E. mag.). The river is more particularly described in connection with the inland passage on pages 137.

Flatty Creek, 3 miles westward of Wade Point, is 1 mile wide at its mouth, but is shoal and only used by fishermen. There is 2 feet of water over the bar and 3 to 4 feet inside.

Little River is on the north side of Albemarle Sound 10 miles westward of Wade Point lighthouse. The channel is about 1/4 mile wide between the shoals at the entrance, and is buoyed. The river has a general northwesterly trend to the village of Nixonton, which is on the east bank 7 miles above the entrance. About 72 feet is the deepest draft that can be taken up to the village. Spits, with little water over them and generally steep-to, make out some distance in places from the shores and especially off the points.

DIRECTIONS.-Pass 100 yards eastward of the black buoy at the entrance, steer 282° true (WNW. 12 W. mag.) and pass close westward of buoy No. 2. Then keep near the middle of the river until abreast the point on the east bank just above Trueblood Point, and then favor the eastern bank to Nixonton.

Approaching from westward pass 1/2 mile southward of Reed Point light and steer 52° true (NE. by E. mag.) until up with the horizontally striped buoy lying southward of the entrance. Pass 200 yards eastward of this buoy, and steer about 344° true (N. by W. mag.) with the black buoy at the entrance on the port bow. Then follow the directions in the preceeding paragraph.

Perquimans River is on the north side of Albemarle Sound, its entrance lying 3 miles northwestward of Reeds Point light. For a distance of 10 miles to the town of Hertford the river is from 34 to 12 miles wide and has a navigable depth of 9 to 11 feet. The river then becomes narrow and crooked, but is navigable for vessels of 7 feet draft to the closed bridge at Belvidere, about 12 miles above Hertford. A drawbridge crosses the mouth of the narrow part of the river at Hertford, and the wharves of the town are above the bridge. The Norfolk Southern Railroad crosses the river over a drawbridge 1 mile above the town. The town ships some lumber by railroad and barges. Gasoline and other supplies can be obtained. There is a gasoline towboat.

DIRECTIONS.-Pass about 3 mile southwestward of Reeds Point light and steer about 302° true (NW. 34 W. mag.) for 44 miles to buoy No. 1, lying near the middle of the entrance to the river. Or, approaching from westward, pass 4 mile southward and eastward of the horizontally striped buoy lying southward of the entrance, and steer 1° true (N. 11⁄2 E. mag.) with buoy No. 1 on the port bow. Pass about 100 yards northeastward of buoy No. 1 and steer 296° true (NW. by W. 14 W. mag.) for 21⁄2 miles with Grassy Point a little on the port bow to a position 150 yards northeastward of buoy No. 3. Then steer 285° true (WNW. 14 W. mag.) for 134 miles to a position 200 yards southwestward of Grassy Point light. Then steer 312° true (NW. % N. mag.) for about 5 miles, heading for Ferry Point which shows as a wooded head on the northeastern side of the

river. Anchor about 300 yards southwestward of Ferry Point in a depth of about 9 feet. There is not room for anchorage above this point.

The entrance to the narrow part of the river at Hertford is through a dredged channel 200 feet wide and 9 feet deep, which has a 301° true (NW. 34 W. mag.) direction, the middle of the channel lying 200 yards from the point on the west side below the bridge. When on the line of the face of the bulkhead below the bridge, the course should be changed for the draw. Go through east draw. There are stumps on both sides of the dredged channel. A black buoy marks the edge of shoal on the west side.

Yeopim River is 51⁄2 miles westward of Perquimans River. It is shoal and unimportant. There is 4 feet of water over the bar between Batts Island and Drummond Point. Some logging is done along the south shore.

Edenton Bay is a small bay on the northern side near the western end of Albemarle Sound, about 2 miles westward of the railroad trestle which crosses the sound. The entrance and channel are marked by buoys and range lights. The depth in the channel is 82 to 10 feet, partly obtained by dredging. The large water tank just westward of the rear range light is the most prominent object seen from the sound. A brick chimney near the front range and a water tank on the east side of the bay are also prominent.

Edenton is a town at the head of the bay about 12 miles above the entrance; it has railroad communication with Norfolk and the south, and small steamers trade to points in the sound and its tributaries. Some lumber is shipped by railroad and in barges. A towboat is stationed here. Supplies, ice, gasoline, coal, and water can be obtained. The river water is fresh and suitable for boilers. The wharf on which the front light is located has but little water alongside. Vessels can go to the wharves just westward of the range, and also to the railroad wharf at the northwest end of the harbor. The railroad wharf now in use is at the northeast end of the harbor, and is reached through a channel about 100 feet wide.

The inner anchorage, which is small and has a depth of 9 feet, is close eastward of the range line and about 250 yards southward of red buoy No. 6. The larger anchorage is on the west side of the range line and about midway between red buoys Nos. 2 and 4.

Pembroke Creek enters from the westward into Edenton Haror. A fish commission hatchery is located about 1⁄2 mile from its mouth, to which 5 feet can be carried. The creek is navigable for 3 miles to Wildcat bridge.

DIRECTIONS. From the lift draw in the trestle crossing Albemarle Sound steer 333° true (NNW. mag.) for nearly 3 miles, with buoy No. 2 at the entrance of Edenton Bay on the starboard bow. When the Edenton Harbor range lights, which show just eastward of a prominent water tank, are in line, bearing 14° true (N. by E. 3⁄44 E. mag.), steer for them and be guided by the range and buoys until up to the wharves.

Chowan River empties into the western end of Albemarle Sound from northward, and with its tributaries is one of the largest rivers in North Carolina. For a distance of 17 miles above its mouth the river has an average width of about 11⁄2 miles. In this part of the

river large areas of tree stumps, many of which are under water, are generally found on the shoals; Stumpy Reach is the name applied to the worst place between Colerain Landing and the mouth of Bennett Creek, a distance of 6 miles, where stumps occur on shoals with depths of about 12 feet or less. Above this the river is much narrower, but has a good channel with a depth of 9 feet for 50 miles above its mouth. Colerain Landing is on the west bank 12 miles above the entrance. The village of Colerain is on the hill 1⁄2 mile inland. Winton, a small town, is on the west bank of the river about 37 miles above its mouth. Regular water transportation is maintained between Edenton and Tunis at the Atlantic Coast Line crossing 22 miles below Winton.

Meherrin River joins the Chowan from westward about 211⁄2 miles above Winton. The river is navigable for vessels of about 7 feet draft for a distance of 912 miles to the village of Murfreesboro. The width of the river is 100 to 350 feet. There are five small pile wharves on this river. There are no railroad connections with any of them, but ordinary county roads extend to them.

The junction of the Blackwater and Nottoway Rivers is about 13 miles above Winton. Blackwater River is navigable for vessels of 8 feet draft for a distance of 11 miles to the bridge at the town of Franklin. The width of the river is 100 to 250 feet.

Nottoway River is navigable for vessels of 8 feet draft when the river is not low for a distance of 13 miles to Munroe Ferry. A draft of 4 to 5 feet can be taken up to the ferry at any time of the year. The head of navigation for vessels is at the closed bridge of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, 42 miles above Munroe Ferry. Above this bridge navigation is limited by bars, snags, and closed bridges to flatboats and rafts of 2 feet or less draft.

DIRECTIONS.-Owing to the large areas covered with tree stumps, which are 4 to 5 feet under water, it is advisable for a stranger to take a pilot at Edenton or at the mouth of the river.

Salmon Creek is a small stream emptying into Chowan River close to Albemarle Sound. Avoca, a postoffice, is 1 mile from its mouth. A boat line runs to Edenton. The entrance of the creek is a good harbor for small boats of 6 feet or less draft.

Roanoke River empties into the southwestern end of Albemarle Sound. The shallow bight at the mouth of the river is known as Batchelors Bay, and near its eastern part, off the mouth of the river, is Roanoke River lighthouse. There are stumps on the shoals at the mouth of the river. Roanoke River from the confluence of Staunton and Dan Rivers is 170 miles long to its mouth, and is the approach to a number of small towns and villages to which steamboats run. The river is navigable eight months of the year for vessels of 8 feet draft to Palmyra. A depth of 10 feet at low water can be taken up to Hamilton all the year and 3 feet to Weldon, the head of navigation.

The principal landings on the river and their approximate distances above its mouth are: Plymouth, 6 miles; Jamesville, 151⁄2 miles; Williamston, 31 miles; Hamilton, 54 miles; Palmyra, 72 miles; Edwards Ferry, 90 miles; Halifax, 102 miles, and Weldon, 112 miles.

The river is subject to frequent and sudden freshets, which overflow large areas of the lowland on both of its banks. Sailing vessels seldom go above Plymouth unless they are towed, the upper part