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enough. To have the best and most distinctive church music rendered distinctively and artistically, should be the aim of all choirs.

The widespread use of boy choirs in the Episcopal Church is to be deplored. Good boy choirs, like those at Trinity and Grace, New York, where the facilities are adequate for their maintenance, produce admirable results, but the work of many boy choirs, especially in the solo work of the boys, is often painfully inartistic, and the methods of voice production would in many cases be condemned by first-class singing teachers. That vested mixed choirs are gradually spreading, and that certain ritualistic New York churches have adopted mixed choirs in west-end galleries, are significant signs of a reaction against boy choirs.

Music in the Episcopal Church has suffered from too much English influence. While some English music is dry and uninspired, much of the best church music has been written by English composers of whom Martin, Stanford, Stainer and Barnby are conspicuous examples. But the fault lies more with English organists, who frequently lack temperament, adapt themselves slowly or not at all to American conditions, and who tenaciously hold the erroneous idea that nothing is churchly except what is English. Fortunately American organists are becoming more generally employed.

America is fortunate in having men like Krehbiel, Huneker, Henderson, Finck, Hale, Apthorp and Elson among musical critics. Huneker is witty and audacious, but his honest criticism, frequently following a long tirade, is a model of pithiness, terseness and excellence. The taste of the great music-loving public has rapidly improved, although the fad for popular music, including dialect songs, rag-time and other cheap forms of music, have vitiated the taste of many people. But such perversion of taste is transient and does not materially affect the permanent love for good music. And among all the influences which have helped to elevate the musical taste of the public, none has been more potent than the splendid efforts of the critics. Too much honor, therefore, it seems, cannot be given these men for their untiring labors in behalf of good music.

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Nebraska.

Capital:
LINCOLN.

In

The Territory of Nebraska was formed May
30, 1854, embracing 351,558 square miles.
1861 16,035 square miles were set off to the
Territory of Colorado, and later in the same
year 228,907 square miles more were set off to
Dakota,, and at the same time Nebraska re-
ceived from Washington and Utah a triangular
tract of 15,378 square miles, reducing the State
to its present limits. On March 1, 1867, it was
admitted to Statehood, after nearly ten years of
agitation. In 1901 the estimated population
was 1,067,000.

Though Nebraska is primarily an agricul-
tural and stock raising State, manufacturing in-
dustries have steadily increased during the past
five years, being stimulated by cheap transpor-
tation furnished by the Missouri River and the

GREAT SEAL OF THE

MARCH

1ST

1867

fifteen railroads entering Omaha. The lack of cheap fuel has somewhat hindered the full development of manufacturing, but the opening of the coal fields in Kansas, Iowa and Missouri have obviated this difficulty. Slaughtering and meat packing are the most important industries in the State, and South Omaha is now considered one of the great cattle markets of the world. Besides the live stock raised in the State sheep and other cattle are sent from other States to be fattened in Nebraska feed lots. Dependent upon cattle raising and agriculture is the manufacture of butter, cheese and condensed milk, of flour and grist mill products and malt liquors. A the largest in the country. Omaha and publishing trade of the middle papers are published with "filled" the Mississippi and the Rocky Moun

At the session of the Legisla in the election of two United States legislative business was done. An tice of osteopathy, providing that satisfactory examinations before the tional laws were passed providing libraries and compacting the pres applied to to propose a convention amendment for the direct election

The penalty for kidnapping was more than twenty years' imprison defining and imposing penalties for section, applying to public works, person or persons who shall enjoin, ment of any account legally and rendered.** to the State of State, the same having been contract the intention of exacting or extort eration from the owner of such bill drawing, shall be guilty of black imprisoned for not more than three fined not less than $200 nor more hibiting the making of bets on at a fine of not less than $5 and

Gov. John H. Mickey.

creamery at Lincoln is said to be is the heaquarters of the printing West, and from this point newssheets for country papers between tains.

ture of 1901 much time was spent Senators, and but little of the usual act was passed licensing the prac the applicants for practice passed State Medical Examiners. Educafor the establishment of travelling ent school system. Congress was for the adoption of a constitutional of United States Senators.

made not less than one year nor ment. Stringent laws were made blackmail and extortion. The first is of most interest. It reads: "Any advise or seek to prevent the paylawfully made for services actually Nebraska or any division of the ed for by lawful authorities, with ing money or other valuable considor account, on the promise of withmail, and upon conviction may be years or less than one year, or be than $500." An act was passed proelections, and the penalty was set not more than $100.

continuously from the 15th of Jan

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After having balloted almost uary to the 28th of March, 1901, the Legislature succeeded in electing two United States Senators-John H. Millard. Republican, to succeed John H. Thurston, for the full term, and Charles H. Dietrich, Republican, to fill the unexpired term of William B. Allen, Populist, appointed by the Governor. Though the Republicans had a clear majority in both branches of the State Legislature, several of the party refused to vote for the caucus nominees. A decision was finally reached by the withdrawal of both the caucus nominees and the selection of the men elected to fill their places.

In October, 1902, the Supreme Court of Nebraska decided that the reading of the Bible and the singing of sacred songs in the public schools are prohibited by the State Constitution.

Governor Savage created a small sensation in the State by announcing in August, 1902, that parties whom he refused to name bad attempted to bribe him into allowing certain politicians to name the fire and police boards of the city of Omaha. Any action on the matter was deferred until the Governor saw fit to make public the names.

The Democrats and Populists united on a single ticket at the conventions held in June, 1902, allowing three Democrats and four Populists places on the list. William J. Bryan was nominated for Governor by the Populists, but refused the nomination. The Republican State Convention met June 18, and adopted a platform indorsing the present Administration in the warmest terms.

Nebraska elected an entire Republican State ticket at the elections in November, even the precinct in which William Jennings Bryan lives giving the Republican candidate a majority. Five of the six Congressmen are Republican, the only fusionist being elected in the district in which Omaha is situated. Mickey, the Republican candidate for Governor, ran behind his ticket but was chosen by a safe majority. The Legislature is strongly Republican. There was a claim made after the election that officials of the Republican State Committee had used unfair means to bring about an election of this party's candidate. The dispute seemed to have been due to a fight for United States District Attorney, in which the two political factions were involved.

Nepal.

Capital:
KATMANDU.

timber. The chief imports The Indian rupee passes

Nepal is an independent kingdom in the Himalayas, with an area of about 54,000 square miles and a population variously estimated at from 2,000,000 to 5,000,000. The Government is a military oligarchy, all power being in the hands of the Prime Minister, to whom it was delegated by the Maharaja Dhiraj when he came of age in 1896, be having succeeded his grandfather May 17. 1881, when he was but six years old. The country has paid tribute to China since 1791. A frontier outrage in 1814 led to war with Great Britain, but peace was declared and a treaty signed December 2. 1815, since when the relations of the country with the British have been friendly. An English resident lives at the capital, but does not interfere with internal affairs. The religion is Hindooism of an early type. There is a standing irregular army of about 25,000 men with a force of 17,000 regulars stationed at the capital. During the Indian mutiny a detachment of Ghurka troops was sent to assist in suppressing the rebellion in Oudh. The races of Nepal, besides the dominant Ghurkas, include earlier inhabitants of Tartar origin, such as Magars, Guarangs, Wewars and Bhutias. The principal articles of export are cattle, hides and skins, opium and other gums, grain, spices, tobacco and are cattle, sheep and goats, spices, sugar, cotton, silk, cotton and woollen goods. current throughout the country.

Netherlands.

The reigning family of the Netherlands is the House of Orange, which was established oy Count Walram, a German, in the eleventh century. Through the marriage of Count Englebrecht with Jane of Polanen, in 1404, the Barony of Breda passed into the hands of the family, which, at that time, settled in the Netherlands. Other successful matrimonial alliances, including that of Willem III. of Orange with a daughter of King James II. of Great Britain, added to the wealth and strength of the family, and it held its position until 1795, when Willem V. was compelled to seek safety in England at the invasion of the French army. In 1813, however, the family returned, and, after much diplomatic negotiation, the Kingdom of the Netherlands was erected, with the son of the late Stadtholder as hereditary sovereign. As the result of this action, Willem I. assumed the throne on March 15, 1816. In 1840 he abdicatedd in favor of his son, who, after a reign of nine years, bequeathed the throne to his heir, who reigned as Willem III. for forty-one years, when he died (1890) and, in default of male heirs, was succeeded by his daughter, Wilhelmina.

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Capital:

THE HAGUE.

JE MAINTIENDRAI

Queen Wilhelmina was born August 31, 1880. Although she succeeded to the throne at the time of her father's death, she was not inaugurated until September 6, 1898. On February 7, 1901, she was married to Prince Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

The Heir Apparent.-The direct heir to the throne is the reigning and unmarried Grand Duke of SaxeWeimer, whose grandmother, the late Princess Sophia, was the sister of the late King Willem. As his acceptance of the dignity would require the surrender of the grand ducal throne which he now occupies, it is a question if he would consent to make the change, in which case the legal heir would be Princess Marie of Reuss (born January 20, 1849), the wife of Prince Henry VII., of Reuss, and daughter of the late Duke of Saxe-Weimer. They have four children-Prince Henry XXXII., born March 4, 1878; Prince Henry XXXIII., born July 26, 1879; Princess Sophie, born June 27, 1884, and Prince Henry XXXV., born August 1, 1887.

THE MINISTRY.-Premier and Minister of the Interior, Dr. A. Kuyper; Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Baron Melvil van Lynden; Minister of Justice, Dr. J. A. Loeff; Minister of Marine, G. Kruys; Minister of
Finance, Dr. J. J. L. Harte van Tecklenburg; Minister of War, J. W. Bergansius; Minister of Public
Works, Commerce and Industry
Oijens; Minister of Colonies, Dr.

THE NATION.-The Nether hereditary monarchy, with the ar sovereign and the legislative power States-General. the Parliament. bers, the First and the Second. number, are elected by the Provin members of the Second Chamber years. Only the Government and bills.

Religious liberty is complete majority of the population, includ ents of the Reformed Church.

For nearly 100 years elementary pulsory between the ages of 6 and

No juries sit in the Netherlands. tonal Courts, 23 District Courts, 5 sation-the High Court of the rate in the Netherlands; vagabond criminal, and there are few poor The budget estimates for 1902 penditure, $66,893,270. The nation 156,180.

The Netherlands are defended the dikes nearly all the approach that are on high ground are well The manufactures of the Neth portance, but its agricultural prod cereals and garden products, tobac trees. The tulip industry is famous.

Queen of the Netherlands.

(Waterstaat), Dr. J. C. de Marez
T. A. J. van Asch van Wyck.
lands unite to form a constitutional
ecutive power resting solely in the
resting jointly in him and the
This latter consists of two cham-
Members to the First. fifty in
cial States for nine years; the 100
are elected by the people for four
the Second Chamber can introduce

and constitutionally guarded. The
ing the royal family, are adher-
public instruction has been com-
13. There are four universities.
Justice is administered in 106 Can-
Courts of Appeal and one of Cas-
Netherlands. There is no poor-
age and mendicancy are considered
houses.

show: Revenue, $21,600,898; ex-
al debt amounts to about $462,-

by few fortresses, but by piercing
ing roads can be flooded; the few
fortified.

erlands are not of great im
ucts are: these include, besides
co, madder, flax, bulbs, shrubs and

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Colonial Possessions.-The colonial possessions of the Netherlands are entirely island, consisting of the Dutch East Indies and the Dutch West Indies. The former embrace Java and the neighboring island of Madura, and the outposts, which include Sumatra, Borneo, Sunda Islands, a part of New Guinea and a number of small groups and archipelagoes. The Governor-General is the executive head, and, under the native Constitution, has legislative power as well.

The islands are rich agriculturally, having an extremely rich soil. Religious liberty is enjoyed, and there is a public school system.

The revenue is nearly the same as the expenditure. For 1901 it was about $49,975,311, being about $16,850 more than the expenditure. The Dutch West Indies are not so important as the East. They consist of Surinam (a part of Dutch Guinea) and the colony of Curacao. Surinam is governed by a Governor. The expenditure in 1901 amounted to over $900,000, which was about $93,666 more than the local revenue. Curacao is likewise ruled by a Governor, assisted by two Councils. DUTCH COLONIAL POSSESSIONS.

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Events in 1902.-The serious illness of Queen Wilhelmina of Holland in the Spring of 1902 was a cause for alarm and regret throughout the civilized nations. However, the Queen recovered during the Summer, and is now reported to be in excellent health and well able to undertake the cares of State.

During the illness of the Queen there were numerous reports current of an estrangement between Her Majesty and the Prince Consort, but since her recovery these reports have been silenced, and it seems probable that there was but little foundation for any of them. The relationship of the royal couple appears to be upon a peaceful basis.

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