66 66 ANNO DOMINI (11 S. ix. 69, 133).—In the Episcopal Register of Bishop John de Pontissara of Winchester, beginning 1282, "Anno Domini" is the time-notation in most common use. In the first three pages Anno gracia "is equally found, but after that it soon drops out. Anno Domini is used in a document copied into this Register dated 1240. But the common use earlier than the mid-thirteenth century is "Anno ab Incarnatione Domini "-so Gildas, 858, a charter of Henry II., 1114. It survived much later in formal documents, as in the will of H. de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, 1361, and in the colophons of many fifteenthcentury-printed books, some of which have instead Anno Salutifere Incarnationis." Berthelet's Acts of Henry VIII.' has "Anno Verbi Incarnati," 1544. In a book printed at Leyden, 1617, I note "Anno Messiae Regis æterni," and in devotional books of the seventeenth century are other variations of the same idea. "A.C.": Anno Christi, does not seem common. I find it used marginally in Sulger's Annales Monasterii Zwifaltensis,' 1698. "A Nativitate Christi" is in the colophon of a Chronicle, 1503. Chichester. 66 C. DEEDES. translation, as the ornaments tell us, was produced in Bacon's workshop of good pens. The entry in the Register, 1588 (Sidney died in 1584), indicates that it was at first intended to bring out the translation of Du Bartas in Sidney's name. I hope that MR. THOMAS BAYNE will kindly read once again my account of Milton's epitaph and its clear revelation. It was certainly not written upon the Stratford Clown (who, as I showed in 'N. & Q.,' 24 Aug., 1912, and 26 Oct., 1912, was unable to write so much as a letter of his own name), but it was written upon Bacon, 'the World's Wonder." 66 66 Stowe in his 'Annales,' 1615, put Bacon seventh in his list of Elizabethan poets. In 'The Great Assises,' which was published? anonymously in 1645, Bacon is placed next to Apollo as Chancellor of Parnassus-i.e., greatest of the world's poets. Immediately below appears the name of Sir Philip Sidney = as "High Constable of Parnassus." This tells us that, although he occupied a distinguished position in the world of letters, yet in fact he was not himself a poet. At the end we find "Edmund Spenser put as "Clerk of the Assises." This tells us that, although his name appeared attached to poetical works, he had nothing whatever to do with their production. (This fact is confirmed by the 1679 folio edition of Spenser's works, where we are told that he was born in 1510. The 1611 edition, by means of the hanged-hog on the title-page, tells us that Bacon was the real author.) THE SECOND FOLIO OF THE SHAKESPEARE PLAYS, 1632: MILTON'S EPITAPH (11 S. viii. 141, 196, 232, 294, 317; ix. 11, 73, 114).— MR. J. DENHAM PARSONS seems to be really convinced that the figure upon the pyramid (which is a pyramid, and does not follow the lines of the pheon, Sidney's arms) on B in Sylvester's translation of Du Bartas, 1605, is nothing more than Sir Philip Sidney's porcupine collared and chained. It is, in fact, a hanged-hog. It has a hog's head clearly drawn-a porcupine has a little round head. It has also a hog's cloven hoofs shown very distinctly-a porcupine has paws. It is not collared and chained, but has a cord with a slip-knot round its neck, although, in order to lead astray the uninitiated, a chain is carried across its back. Sir Philip Sidney's 'Arcadia,' 1623, has upon its title-page a large hanged-hog, and round its neck is a very clearly drawn rope, which is furnished with a ring to form a noose in order to show that the hog is a hangedhog. In this case, however, in addition to the porcupine's quills, it has porcupine's paws, to show that in bringing out the Arcadia Bacon not only sheltered himself under the porcupine's quills, but assigned the work to the hand of Sidney. Sylvester's 66 This same revealing work, The Great! Assises,' tells us that William Shakespeare was the writer of weekly accounts.' This does not mean that he was able to write, but tells us that the only literature for which he was responsible consisted of his petty tradesman's accounts, which were sent out weekly by his clerk. In the Manes Verulamiani,' 1626, Bacon is lauded by numerous writers as the greatest of poets. In answering MR. J. DENHAM PARSONS I have already disposed of C. C. B.'s objections and suggestions. I am much obliged to PROF. BENSLY for his explanation of Apella. He clearly shows that for centuries it was deemed to signify "sine pelle." This is amply sufficient to account for its employment in a revealing emblem. And to-day, although there are learned men who agree with Dr. Leeper, the question is by no means closed. Dr. Leeper's argument that the use of a as a privative is not good Latin is disproved by the fact that amens" is an excellent classical word. It is admitted 66 66 that quite a number of slaves (probably Horace, 'Satires,' II. i. 64, where, it has been Jews) were called apella. This is evi- pointed out, there is probably a reference dence, not against, but strongly in favour to some such fable as that of the ass in of, the word having a real meaning; and the lion's skin. "Trahere pellem" might PROF. BENSLY admits that it was used suggest to some readers a challenge from about 1605, the date of the emblem, in the Hercules to tread on the tail of his coat. sense of sine pelle." EDWARD BENSLY. It seems strange that so many literary men continue resolutely to shut their eyes to the fact that Bacon's great task was to create an English language capable of expressing the highest thoughts, and that such a language did not exist until he created it. Therefore in the golden age of Elizabeth there was not, and there could not be, any writer of importance outside of Bacon's workshop. Surely all must be able to perceive that the very numerous translations of the classics which issued at that period could not have been sold for even a fraction of their cost, but must have been produced, not for gain, but for the good and profit of mankind. If "Milton tells us quite clearly that Bacon is Shakespeare,' why did he write in 'L'Allegro : Or sweetest Shakespeare, fancy's child, Warble his native wood notes wild? These lines seem hardly to fit at all the sedate and learned Bacon, but they are very applicable to the untaught man of Stratford-on-Avon. Moreover, Milton in the line previous to those I quote seems to were use Jonson's learned sock as a foil to Shakespeare's "wood notes wild," as if to imply that a difference between the two men was that one was a scholar and the other was not. W. H. PINCHBECK. The Shakespeare plays are to-day being acted five times as often in Germany as they ever were in this country, and the leading German professors are now declaring that the plays are (with their 22,000 different words), changing the language, the literature, and even the character of the German nation. Well might Bacon leave his name and his fame to foreign nations and to future ages. EDWIN DURNING-LAWRENCE. 13, Carlton House Terrace, S. W. To the explanation of Sylvester's lines already given by MR. J. DENHAM PARSONS and C. C. B., it may be added that there is a reference in them to a story about the Greek painter Apelles that may be read in Cicero and the elder Pliny. Apelles, after painting his famous Venus Anadyomene, began another picture of Venus with the intention of surpassing his previous performance. He died before he could finish it, and no artist could be found to complete his work. See Cicero, 'De Officiis,' iii. 2, 10, and Pliny, Nat. Hist.,' xxxv. 92. The application to Sidney and his translation of Du Bartas is obvious. There is nothing surprising in the words " Apelles Table," tabula being the ordinary Latin word for picture. Qualis Apelleis est color in tabulis. OCTOPUS, VENUS'S EAR, AND WHELK (11 S. ix. 128).-The octopus and the whelk, and shell-fish of various kinds, have been largely used in medicine. I am not sure about Venus's ear, which I cannot find in any of my books, but the whelk was at one time official in this country, and both it and the octopus (polypus) are included in Lemery's Traité Universel des Drogues Simples,' 1723. In many cases both the fish themselves and their shells were used, the lime in them. The flesh of the octopus the latter mainly, no doubt, for the sake of was thought to be good for colic. C. C. B. [MR. TOM JONES-who refers to W. T. Fernie's 'Animal Simples-thanked for reply.] THE CANDLE (11 S. viii. 502).-There is a very valuable history of candle-making in the Reports of the Juries (Exhibition 1851),' drawn up by Mr. Warren De la Rue and Prof. A. W. Hofman, which embodies all the information then existing as to the technical side of the question. Snuffless candles were invented by Cambacères, an officer in the Department of Roads and Bridges, who took out a French patent for the invention in February, 1825. A method of accomplishing the same object was also included in an English patent granted to Moses Poole on behalf of Gay-Lussac, the eminent French chemist, on 9 June of the same year (No. 5183). Full particulars of this important invention may be found at p. 620 of the above-mentioned Reports. Your correspondent says that composite WHITINGTON ARMS (11 S. ix. 88).-In candles were introduced in 1840; but the William Berry's Encyclopædia Heraldica ' word appears to have been used somewhat the arms of Sir Richard Whittington, Lord loosely, being applied to candles of varying Mayor of London, are given as follows: compositions. The earliest illustration in Gu., a fesse compony or and az., in the the New English Dictionary' is taken dexter chief an annulet of the second. from the specification of a patent (No. 10,371) The arms of Whitington (Pountlett, enrolled 30 April, 1845. A popular account Gloucestershire): Gu., a fesse chequy or and of Price's Candle Works at Battersea, by az. Crest, a lion's head, erased, sa. Joseph Hatton, will be found in The English Illustrated Magazine for June, 1892. R. B. P. THOMAS HUDSON, PORTRAIT PAINTER (11 S. viii. 489; ix. 36, 96, 134).-I have a portrait by him of my great-grandfather, John Murray, who was in the Royal Marines, and went on half-pay in 1768 in order to found the business which bears his name. JOHN MURRAY. 50, Albemarle Street, W. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION WANTED (11 S. ix. 128).-5. Arthur Bransby, s. Charles of Great Grimsby, co. Lincoln, gent., Lincoln Coll., Oxon, matric. 18 March, 1722/ 1723, aged 17; B.A. 23 Feb., 1729/30. CROMWELL AND QUEEN HENRIETTA MARIA (11 S. ix. 127).-According to Miss Agnes Strickland, the Queen (1653–4) "requested Cardinal Mazarin, in her name, to demand the annual payment of her dower. Cromwell promptly replied, that 'she had never been recognized as queen-consort of Great Britain by the people, consequently she had no right to this dower' (Carte's 'Life of Ormonde ').......Henrietta observed to Mazarin, that if she was not considered by the English nation as the wife and consort of their late sovereign, the question was, what had she been? And the obvious answer, that a daughter of France could have been other wise than a wife of the King of England, was more disgraceful to her country than to herself: and if the King of France could submit to such a public stigma on his royal family in a treaty, she must rest satisfied and perfectly content with the constant respect paid her as Queen by her husband and his loyal subjects' (Mme. de Motteville, vol. v. pp. 250, 251)." Whittington (Ive Thorn, Somersetshire): The Feast of the Purification of the Virgin, BRITISH REGIMENTAL HISTORY (11 S. Candlemas Day, 2 Feb., 1625, was chosen ix. 89).-A history of the various regiments by Charles I. for his Coronation, probably of the British Army, giving a list of the as a mark of attention to his young French bride. Although all was prepared for the joint Coronation, and the order of service drawn up with a view to her taking part in it, Henrietta refused to be present at the last, alleging her religious scruples as a reason. She also renounced the solemn procession through the City, and never took her place as Queen at the Royal Chapels on the celebration of divine service. A. R. BAYLEY. battles and campaigns in which each took part, will be found in The Records and Badges of Every Regiment and Corps in the British Army,' by H. M. Chichester and G. Burges-Short, 1899. A history of the Black Watch and Fraser's Highlanders will be found in it, recording the battle-honours, illustrations of uniforms and badges, and a list of the commanding officers of the Vic torian era. Bolton. ARCHIBALD SPARKE, F.R.S.L. "CRAINS AIMS HAY" (11 S. v. 429).— After a long interval I am able to answer my own query. The above motto is attached to the following coat of arms, taken from a dinner-plate in my possession. Arms: Per pale, dexter, quarterly, 1 and 4, Sable, a lion rampant; 2 and 3, Or, a fleur-de-lis azure; sinister, Gules, a paile (or pall) ermine. The whole within a bordure gules. Crest: Out of a ducal coronet or, a demilion rampant. Supporters: Dexter, a lion segreant. Sinister, a greyhound segreant, both reguardant. I should be glad to know by whom these arms are borne. F. K. P. RINGS WITH A DEATH'S HEAD (11 S. viii. 170, 217, 253, 358).—If it is not too late to continue this correspondence, it may be well to place on record an earlier instance than any of those previously mentioned. Sir Martin Bowes, Alderman of the City of London, by his will dated 10 Aug., 1565, left to "Sir Percyvall Harte, Knt., his daughter Cisceley, wife of Henry Harte, and others, a ring of gold 'with two Bowes bente and a deathes hed graven betwene them upon it,' according to a sample left with his executors, with this Scripture about it, 'Remember thy ende,' of the value of three pounds." Calendar of Wills, Court of Husting, London,' Part II. pp. xlii, 695. F. W. READ. JULES VERNE (11 S. viii. 168, 489; ix. 74). There are two slight slips in MR. G. WEST'S statement, which I can otherwise confirm as far as 1883. 1. The Mysterious Island' was quite a different work from Godfrey Morgan,' and had appeared in book-form in English some years before The Boy's Own Paper was born. The French name of Godfrey Morgan' was 'L'Ecole des Robinsons,' which might have been translated The School for Crusoes,' as in France it is the Christian name, instead of the surname, of Defoe's hero which has become a common noun. 2. Instead of The Cryptogram' read The Giant Raft, the former title being that of the sequel only. The French title of The Giant Raft' was La Jaugada,' and MR. J. PARSON LONDON NURSERY GROUNDS (11 S. ix. 26, 112).—I have always heard that there was a nursery famous for its mignonette and stocks on the ground which Hans Crescent now occupies. This must have been in the forties. E. E. COPE. 66 In my note at the first reference I only had in view the nursery grounds existing in the first half of the eighteenth century. therefore, was An intentional omission, William Curtis's London Botanic Garden at Lambeth. This was more a show-garden, a place to be visited by distinguished foreigners and the curious," than any other London nursery ground. The Catalogue (1783) of the plants cultivated there details proposals for its maintenance as a subscription garden where, at the cost of one guinea annually, persons are entitled to walk in the garden, use the library, and introduce one person ; and those subscribing two guineas had the additional privilege of receiving roots or seeds of such plants as can be spared without diminishing the necessary stock of the said garden." 66 ALECK ABRAHAMS. Feast of SheLLS (11 S. ix. 108).—Among the ancient Gaels, was not a shell the emblem of peace and hospitality? I find the following in Ossian :: "Three days they feasted together; on the fourth, Annir heard the name of Oscar. They rejoiced in the shell."-"The War of Inis-shona.' A note says:— "To rejoice in the shell' is a phrase for feasting sumptuously and drinking freely." "Starno designed their death. He gave the feast of shells."- Fingal,' bk. iii. "Where is the fallen Crugal? He lies forgot on earth; the hall of shells is silent."-Fingal, bk. ii. A note here is :— "The ancient Scots, as well as the present Highlanders, drunk in shells; hence it is that we so often meet, in the old poetry, with 'chief of shells' and the halls of shells.' I quote from an edition of Ossian published by Campe & Co. of Nürnberg and New York. It bears no date, but is probably 1840-50. I cannot say if the notes are by Macpherson or not. WM. H. PEET. [MR. ARCHIBALD SPARKE also thanked for reply.] is correct in his inference that the French and English appearances were practically "THROP'S WIFE (11 S. viii. 468; ix. 12). contemporaneous, for I read the opening-The following variant may not be withchapters of La Jaugada in a French out interest : As thrang as Throp's wife periodical a very short time before they when shoe hang'd hersell in her garter appeared in The Boy's Own Paper. ('Craven Dialect and Glossary,' London, William Crofts, 1828, s.v. 'Thrang=busy '). A. MORLEY DAVIES. written in 1596. In Fuller's Worthies,' bellow. Probably he merely intended to Essex' : "Plenty [of saffron] in this county, growing about Walden, a fair market town; which saffron may seem to have coloured with the name thereof." "Took horse Also Pepys, 27 Feb., 1660 : and straight to Saffron Walden." This place, while being called Walden, was also popularly known as Walden Saffron or Saffron Walden. But as to when the latter became a fixed name it is not easy to ascertain, unless the town's charter can determine the date. TOM JONES. FIRE AND NEW-BIRTH (11 S. viii. 325, 376, 418, 454; ix. 14, 113).-Those interested in this subject may well consult her following Bulletins of the Forest-Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Nos. 55, 79, 85, 93; Circular 163. No. 83, p. 23, enumerates various growths after a fire, and one of these, lodgepole pine, is the subject of No. 79, The Life - History of Lodgepole Burn Forests. Of this the final paragraph contains: associate the beak or efficient instrument with the peculiar "boom" that has attracted English poets from Chaucer downwards. In the other two quotations given at the above reference the poet manifestly uses bill THOMAS BAYNE. its ordinary sense. 66 in WALLACE OF ST. THOMAS (11 S. viii. 429). -The editor of Lightbourn's Mail Notes, St. Thomas, Danish West Indies, reprinted this query, and in response received the following: 66 'The undersigned, now an old lady of seventy, in early youth knew Mrs. Wright, who had been the widow Cunningham, and whose maiden name was Wallace. She often heard Mr. Wright speak of a sister of his who had married a Swiss gentleman and who was then in Switzerland. "The Wallaces were no doubt from English descent, and it is probable that Sir William Wallace was Governor of one of the neighbouring English islands, say Tortola, St. Kitts, or perhaps farther on; if this was so, accounts of Sir William Wallace could surely be got at the Foreign Office. "A descendant of Mrs. Wright's sister who lived in Switzerland is now married to a step-granddaughter of Mrs. Wright. This gentleman, Herr "The lodgepole forest is the key to the silvi-Wetter, was in 1912 residing at 141, Leopold cultural treatment of the forests of the Eastern Strasse, München, Germany. Rocky Mountains, especially in Colorado and Wyoming......And it is by means of fire properly developed into a silvicultural method that the forester will be able to extend or restrict lodgepole reproduction and lodgepole forests at will." Sundry reasons for the value of fire are detailed at p. 55, but the matter does not seem of enough general interest to warrant taking more space here. Boston, Mass. ROCKINGHAM. N. G. SONDERBURG. "St. Thomas, Danish West Indies." Notes on Books. D. L. The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346. Translated, with Notes, by the Right Hon. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart. (Glasgow, MacLehose & Sons, 11. 18. net.) A WHOLE gulf of feeling separates the admirers of Latin from the lovers of mediæval Latin, very insufficiently bridged by the fact that the words and accidence they use are the same for both tongues. The difference between them is fundamental; no one can feel towards medieval and classical Latin anything like the same affection you are born a romantic or a classicist, whatever turn your education may give you. The ten dency of modern education to exchange the study of the classics for a diversity of other subjects, which Sir Herbert Maxwell deplores, will do something to lessen the disparity in numbers between these two classes; tutors and schoolmasters spend all their energies in trying to force their pupils into admiration for poets whose music never awakes more than an intellectual sensuousness, or orators whose boredom is only relieved by the contemplation of the intricate marquetry of their periods. But sooner or later the predestined mediævalist strays away from the fold through the wicket gate of Silver Latinity to the language which folk argued or bargained or told stories in: or mayhap, hearing that Latin lies at the root of the tongue he speaks, adventures on the search and finds there another language than the one he has learnt at so much cost, |