upper tier of these galleries are two grand excavations, known as Lord Cornwallis's and St. George's Halls. The latter, which is capable of holding several hundred men, has numerous pieces of ordnance pointed in various directions, ready to deal destruction on an approaching enemy.

DIOGENES IN A PITHOS, NOT TUB.

A pithos is a description of earthen vessel or jar, distinguished from the amphora by its large mouth, and comparatively flattened base. Its shape was more that of a gourd, or pot; its size large enough to have rendered it applicable to the purposes of a cistern, or water butt. Such, indeed, appear in some instances to have been its dimensions, that it has long been a matter of dispute amongst the learned whether, if Diogenes dwelt in a tub at all (a point by no means settled), his humble habitation were of wood or earthenware. Brougniart adopts the latter opinion, and has illustrated it by a partial copy from a print in Winckelmann. In the original, the philosopher is shown holding his wellknown chat with Alexander the Great, at the gate of the Metroum, or Temple of the Mother of the Gods at Athens; but this tub has there the addition of a dog lying on the

outside, above his master's head, evidently on the watch to defend him, if necessary, against any attack from the royal warrior. Winckelmann's engraving, which we here present, is taken from a bas-relief discovered in the Villa Albani; in which the cynic's tub is clearly of earthenware, having a large fracture on one side, which has been repaired with some other material dovetailed across the crack. This, Winckelmann concludes to have been lead (commesso col piombo), simply, however, upon the authority of the following lines in Juvenal :

"Si Fregeris, altera fiet Cras domus, aut eadem plumbo comissa manebit."

Sat. xiv. 310.

Be all this, however, as it may, the controversy is not without its value in connexion with the ceramic productions of the period. If the "dolia" and "pithknoi" of the ancients had not been of sufficient capacity, however kennel-like, to have served as a dwelling, or shelter for the philosopher, the tale would hardly have existed. Nor does it seem probable that Juvenal, in allusion to the story, would have used the term testâ (testâ cum vidit in illâ magnum habitatorum), or have dwelt upon their fragility, or have said

that they would not burn (dolia nudi non ardent Cynici), if vessels of the sort had not been commonly of earthenware. These vessels, both ancient and modern, have a thickness and strength which enables them to be rolled on a ladder to and from the top of the kiln, where they are baked, without injury.

DIVING FOR A WIFE.

In many of the Greek islands, the diving for sponge forms a considerable part of the occupation of the inhabitants, as it has done from the most remote antiquity. Hasselquist says "Himia is a little, and almost unknown island directly opposite Rhodes. It is worth notice, on account of the singular method the Greeks, inhabitants of the island, have to get their living. In the bottom of the sea the common sponge is found in abundance, and, more than in any other place, in the Mediterranean. The inhabitants make it a trade to fish up this sponge, by which they get a living far from contemptible, as their goods are always wanted by the Turks, who use an incredible number of sponges at their bathings and washings. A girl in this island is not permitted by her relations to marry before she has brought up a certain quantity of sponges, and before she can give proof of her agility by taking them from a certain depth." other islands the same custom prevails, but with reversed application, as in Nicarus, where the father of a marriageable daughter bestows her on the best diver among her suitors: He that can stay longest in the water, and gather the most sponges, marries the maid."

FUNEREAL JAR.

In

The term "funereal" has been erroneously applied to all pottery found in tombs, even where the utensils have no relation to funereal purposes, but were probably in common use. There have been found, however, in Corsica vessels of earthenware, which may strictly be called "funereal.'

Though the precise period of the fabrication of the funereal vessels found in Corsica is not ascertained, they must be considered of very ancient date. These vessels, when found entire, at first appear completely closed up, and no trace of joining can be discovered. But it has been ascertained that they are composed of two equal parts, the end of one fitting exactly into the other, and so well closed that the body, or at least the bones, which they contain, appear to have been placed within them before they were baked upon the kiln. Diodorus Siculus,

in speaking of the usages of the Balearic Isles, states that these people were in the habit of beating, with clubs, the bodies of the dead, which, when thus rendered flexible, were deposited in vessels of earthenware. This practice of the Corsicans coincides singularly with that of the Coroados Indians, who inhabit a village on the Paraïba river, near Campos, in the Brazils. They use large earthen vessels, called camucis, as funereal urns. The bodies of their chiefs, reduced to mummies, are placed in them in a bent posture, decked with their ornaments and arms, and are then deposited at the foot of the large trees of the forest.

The cut which we here give speaks for itself. It represents the funereal jar containing the chief as described; the animal at his feet appears to be a panther or tigercat.

ANGLO-SAXON UMBRELLA.

In Anglo-Saxon times the traveller always wore a covering for his head, which, though in various shapes, in no instance resembled our hat, though it was characterised by the general term hæt. He seems to have been further protected against the inclemency of the weather by a cloak or (mentel). One would be led to suppose

that this outer garment was more varied in form and material than any other part of the dress, from the great number of names which we find applied to it, such as-basing, hæcce, hæcla, or hacela, pœll, pycla, syccels, wafels, &c. The writings which remain throw no light upon the provisions made by travellers against rain; for the dictionary makers who give scur-scead (shower-shade) as signifying an umbrella are certainly mistaken. Yet that umbrellas were known to the Anglo-Saxons is proved beyond a doubt by a figure in the Harleian MSS. which we have engraved above. A servant or attendant is holding an umbrella over the head of a man who appears to be covered at the same time with the cloak or mantle.

THERE is a certain politeness and elegance of behaviour which it is as pleasing to observe in one station of life as another; and it must be admitted that of late a very laudable desire prevails even among the humbler classes, for the attainment of those principles of good-breeding which make us more congenial in our social intercourse, and which, by giving our better feelings their proper shape, help us to resist all temptations to petty dealing, and conduce to general uprightness of character. The following remarks may be profitably perused by all who would add to their knowledge of courtesy and good manners:

INVITATIONS.

If you ask a person to dinner, let it be a week or ten days in advance; because, to ask a person only a day or two before, looks as if you had been disappointed of somebody else, and had asked him as a mere stop-gap.

Be particular, likewise, to specify the day on which you wish for his company. Don't say you will be glad to see him on either of two days, as Tuesday or Wednesday next. And why? Because this person may not wish to dine with or visit you at all; and so far from a choice of days being thought an act of kindness, it may be considered one of servility, if not rudeness. Always state only one day; and let the invitation, like the answer, be unequivocal.

Invitations for several weeks in advance are almost as bad as invitations for alternate days; because long invitations convey the impression that the inviter is desperately ill off for guests, and wishes to ensure a number at all risks. The person invited is also apt to feel that it is not his pleasure or convenience that is consulted; and to raise a feeling of this kind is anything but consistent with true politeness.

The receiver of an invitation has a duty to perform, as well as its giver. It is incumbent on him to say yes or no at once-not to allow a post or a day to elapse before answering. The reason is obvious; a delay on his part looks as if he were waiting for a better invitation before he made up his mind. Not to send a speedy reply, therefore, is one of the worst pieces of breeding of which a man can be guilty. It is also not using the inviter well; for a dinner-party usually consists only of a certain number, and if you cannot accept the invitation, say so, in order that time may be allowed to invite another person in your place.

An invitation may be refused, or you cannot have a will of your own; but the refusal should be couched in the kindest, briefest, and most polite terms.

LETTERS.

To answer letters promptly, explicitly, and briefly, is a duty incumbent on every person receiving one. I have known persons leave letters for weeks unanswered, with the consoling remark, "Ah! there's So-and-so's letter, I must answer that in a day or two." What should we think if we spoke to a man, and did not get a reply for a fortnight? and yet to delay answering a letter is as unbecoming. In addressing persons, be particular to assign them their proper rank, and make

quarrel takes place, unless the intimacy is formno difference in your mode of address, even if a ally broken off, when the "Dear Sir" must relapse into the "Sir" again. Invitations by letter should proceed from the lady of the house, and replies should be addressed to her in return. I would recommend adherence to this rule, even in little invitations to tea passing from one friend to another. They give wives their proper place and importance, and that is essential to decorum, comfort, and propriety.

DINING AT HOME.

When you invite several friends to dine with you, have your dinner ready within a short time after the hour named, but not punctually to a moment, that any who have not arrived, may not feel slighted at your having commenced dinner. Do bad terms with each other, though it is a delicate not invite, at the same time, persons who are on matter, always, to take into consideration other people's differences. Among kindred it is often advisable to pursue an opposite course-for many a friendship, among relatives, is renewed at anto be forgotten. Study the tastes of your guests; other table, where petty differences are, of course, visitors will prefer, set it before them, and with and if there is any particular dish which your the remark, "I think I noticed you to prefer this or that;" or, "I think you are partial to so-andso, I therefore obtained it for you." If you go out of your way to humour your friend, you are not to be too modest to let him know it, though you are not to exaggerate your attention, and make him feel that you burden him with attentions.

HOSPITALITY

Goes hand in hand with politeness. When you invite friends do not treat your own invitation so lightly that it shall appear you do not value your company. Study to please and to afford enjoyment, and, in a modest manner, let your guests will be enhanced. see that you do study them, and their pleasure

FRIENDSHIP AND ACQUAINTANCE Are to be distinguished from each other in worldly affairs. Acquaintances sometimes become the depositories of secrets which should be even guardedly told to friends. Be wary how you treat a mere acquaintance, that you do not place your affairs in his hands, and on the slightest rupture regret having reposed in him too much confidence. Acquaintances made at convivial meetings are generally as hollow as the meetings themselves.

DRESS.

shine her guests. To dress meanly is a mark of The hostess should be particular not to outdisrespect to the company, but it is equallly so to make a very gay appearance. If you make a grand display yourself, you are apt to appear as if you wished to parade your appearance, and it is always safer to be under than over the mark. In going out, consider the sort of company you are likely to meet, and endeavour to assimilate to them as much as possible-for to make a great display elsewhere, is an evidence of bad taste. But here, if you miss the happy medium, dress above the mark rather than below it, for you may dress more out of doors than you may at home.