ficials, who have cheerfully furnished him with valuable and interesting facts. Much of the information contained in the chapter on Stone has been obtained from different geologies, and the reports of the U. S. and State Geological Surveys. The entire chapter has been revised by Professor Leslie A. Lee of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., who has thus placed the author under great obligations to him. The chapter on Asphalt has been prepared from the writings of Clifford Richardson, Professor S. F. Peckham, and others, as well as from personal investigations, trade publications, etc. Much of the information relative to the payments for pavements by street-car companies was obtained from a report made to the Massachusetts Legislature by a committee appointed to investigate the relations between cities and towns and street-railway companies. The main idea of the work has been to have it practical, so that an engineer unacquainted with the subject could obtain sufficient information to prepare specifications for, and intelligently supervise the construction of, pavements. BROOKLYN, N. Y., Sept. 1, 1900. G. W. T. STATE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY. Lexington, Kentucky: THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PAVEMENTS... Introduction-Ancient Roads-Roman Roads-Mexican and Peruvian Roads-French Roads-Spanish Roads-Pavements of Rome-Paris PAGE Formation of Earth's Crust-Mineral Composition of Rocks-Quartz -Feldspar-Amphibole-Pyroxene-Mica-Granite-Gneiss-Syenite -Porphyry-Diabase-Basalt-Analyses of Granite-Annual Produc- Derivation of Word " Asphalt "-Early Use of Bitumen-Definition of Bitumen and Asphalt-Maltha-Origin of Asphalt-Chemistry of Asphalt and Bitumen-Methods of Analyzing Asphalt-Trinidad As- phalt-Description of Pitch Lake-Composition of Pitch Lake Asphalt -California Asphalt-Maltha-Composition of Different California Asphalts-European Asphalts-Theory of Formation-Analyses of Rock Asphalts-Mexican Asphalt-Bermudez Asphalt-Kentucky Asphalt-Texas Asphalt-Utah Asphalt-Indian Territory Asphalt— - BRICK-CLAYS AND THE MANUFACTURE OF PAVING-BRICK.. Formation and Composition of Clays-Kaolin-Characteristics of Clay Shales - Fire-clays-Definition of " Vitrified "-Early Clay Clay in Burning-Annealing-Sorting. CEMENT, CEMENT MORTAR, AND CONCRETE. Definition of Lime and Cement-Early Cements-Portland and Nat- ural Cements-Fineness of Cement-Variation in Cement Tests-Stand- THE THEORY OF PAVEMENTS....... Value of Pavements-Methods of Payment-Forms of Pavements- Paving Material-Properties of a Pavement-Cheapness-Durability— Traffic-Easiness of Cleaning-Slipperiness-Maintenance-Favorable- ness to Travel-Sanitariness-Consideration of Different Pavements- Conclusion as to Best Material-Application of Principles Deduced- Annual Cost of Pavements-Pavements of Leading Cities—Openings in Roman Stone Pavements-Shape of Early Stone Blocks-Cobble- stone Pavements-Quantity in American Cities-Cost of Cobblestone Pavements-Size and Shape of Blocks-Cost of Belgian Pavement- Granite Pavements-Quality and Size of Blocks-Specification for Blocks in Different Cities-Preparing Foundation-Laying Blocks- Joint-fillers-Cross-section of Pavements-Concrete Base-Cost of Early Asphalt and Coal-tar Pavements in United States-Grades for Asphalt Pavements-Character of Asphalt for Pavements-Asphaltic Cement-Penetration Test-Sand for Asphalt Pavements-Wearing Surface-Binder—Foundation—Method of Laying-Cracks in Pave- ment-Action of Illuminating Gas on Asphalt-Condition of Pave- ment at End of Guaranty-Rock Asphalt Pavements-Asphalt Pave- ments in London-Repairs and Maintenance-Cost of, in Different Cities-Noiseless Manhole-covers-Cost of Asphalt Pavements- Early Brick Pavements-Requirements of Paving-brick-Abrasion Test-Absorption Test-Cross-breaking Test-Crushing Test-Hard- Early Wood Pavements-London Pavements-Australian Wood in London-Specifications for London Pavements-Wood Pavement in First Broken-stone Pavement-Telford-Macadam-Merits of Mac- adam and Telford-Construction of broken-stone pavement-Founda- quired-Crown-Cementing Properties of Stone-Sprinkling-Specific- Object of Plans and Specifications-Prepared by Experts-Should be concise-Should be Plain-Alternative Bids-Instructions to Bid- THE CONSTRUCTION OF STREET-CAR TRACKS IN PAVED STREETS... Early Construction-Amount of Pavement Maintained by Railway Companies-Location of Tracks-Forms of Old Rails-Forms of WIDTH OF STREETS AND ROADWAYS, CURBS, SIDEWALKS, ETC....... Width of Streets-Width between Curbs-Location of Sidewalks- Curbing-Specifications for Dressing in Different Cities-Foundation Capacity of Plant-Location-Work of Plant-Asphaltic Cement— Stone Dust-Mixing-Cost-Portable Plants. |