Children, befalleth us also that are greater Boyes; they are afraid of those whom they love, and with whom they frequent and disport everie day, if they see them masked and disguised. Not from men onely ought we to take the maske, but from things themselves, and yeeld them their true and naturall appearance. Why shewest thou me swords and fire, and a troupe of grinning hang-men about thee? Take away this pompe, under which thou liest hidden, and wherewith thou terrifiest fooles: thou art Death, which of late my slave or my hand-maiden hath contemned." St. Austin's, Warrington. ROBERT PIERPOINT. May not Bacon, quoting memoriter, have by mistake written 66 pompa " for dogma? This granted, I believe his reference to have been to the 'Encheiridion' of Epictetus, chap. v. :— words after him, he had an use and faculty to dress them in better vestments and apparel than they had before; so that the author should find his own speech much amended, and yet the substance of it still retained." Mr. Spedding, in his note hereon, thinks that this habit of inaccurate quotation ("of which a great many instances have been pointed out by Mr. Ellis "), when not attributable to faults of memory, was caused by a desire to "present the substance in a better form, or a form better suited to the particular occasion." Hence, as he suggests (vi. 379), we may accept the phrase "Pompa mortis magis terret quam mors ipsa" as a concise presentation of the sense of the passage in Seneca's twentyfourth epistle beginning, "Tolle istam pompam sub qua lates et stultos territas: mors es, quam nuper servus meus, quam ancilla contempsit. F. ADAMS. 80, Saltoun Road, Brixton. Ταράσσει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους οὐ τὰ πράγματα, ἀλλὰ τὰ περὶ τῶν πραγμάτων δόγματα. Οἷον, ὁ θάνατος οὐδὲν δεινὸν· ἐπεὶ καὶ Σωκράτει ἀν ἐφαίνετο. ̓Αλλὰ τὸ δόγμα τὸ περὶ τοῦ θανάτου, THE SONS OF HAROLD (8th S. v. 507).-Harold διότι δεινὸν, ἐκεῖνο τὸ δεινόν ἐστιν. was twice married; but his first wife, whose name Epictetus employs Sóyua in its etymological is not given, died long before he was king. By sense, as derived from Sokéw, "to appear." We her he had three sons-Godwin, Edmund, and see things not as they are in themselves, but Magnus. The two eldest, after their father's overthrough the coloured medium of our own idiosyn-throw, fled into Ireland, but came back into Engcrasy. Epictetus speaks of death as does our own Parnell: : Dr. Abbott, in his edition of Bacon's " 'Essays, 1876, says in a note (vol. ii. p. 114), with reference to the passage quoted by your correspondent :"Freely quoted from Seneca (Ep.,' iii. 3, 14), Tolle istam pompam sub qua lates et stultos territas: Mors es, quem nuper servus meus, quem ancilla contempsit.' The original is rather more closely quoted by Montaigne at the end of his Essay on Death.' F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. The following passage from Seneca bears a strong verbal resemblance to what Bacon says: "Quid mihi gladios et ignes ostendis, et turbam carnificum circa te frequentem? Tolle istam pompam, sub qua lates, et stultos territas: mors es, quam nuper servus meus, quam ancilla contemsit."- Epistolæ,' xxiv. 13. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. Hastings. land, and fought against King William in the second year of his reign. Ultimately they retired to Denmark, to King Sweyn, where they died. Magnus went with his brothers to Ireland, and came back with them to England; but we find nothing more of him after this. Harold had a fourth son, Wolfe, who seems to have been the son of Queen Algitha. He was a prisoner at the accession of William Rufus, who released him and knighted him (Guthrie). Gunhilda, a daughter of Harold's, and a nun, is mentioned by John Capgrave in the life of Wolstan, Bishop of Worcester, who is stated to have restored her eyesight miraculously. Another daughter of Harold's is mentioned by Saxo Grammaticus, in his 'Danish History,' as having been well received by her kinsmarried to Waldemar, King of the Russians, and man King Sweyn, the younger, and afterwards to have had a daughter by him, who was the mother of Waldemar, the first King of Denmark of that name, from whom all the Danish kings for many ages afterwards succeeded. CONSTANCE RUSSELL. Freeman, Norman Conquest,' vol. iv. p. 142 (second edition), says : "Harold had left behind him five children, who, as I have elsewhere hinted, were most likely the offspring of Eadgyth Swanneshals. Of their mother we hear no more after her sad errand to Senlac. But her three sons, Godwine, Eadmund, and Magnus, of whom God Rawley, in his Life of Bacon' ('Works of wine was a holder of lands in Somerset, and her daughters F. Bacon,' ed. Spedding, i. 12), remarks :— "I have often observed, and so have other men of great account, that if he had occasion to repeat another man's Gytha and Gunhild, will all call for momentary notice." In a note (M, p. 752) the learned historian adds much information on the same subject, and says: "As to the children of Harold and Ealdgyth, it is certain (see Florence, 1087) that Harold had a son Ulf, who, at the time of William's death, was imprisoned in Normandy, and was released by Robert." Another son named Harold is also mentioned, and Mr. Freeman says, "Any child of Harold and Ealdgyth must have been born after his father's death, but Ulf and Harold may have been posthumous twins." FRED. C. FROST, F.S.I. Teignmouth. "§ 8. The sons of Harold.-This same year, 1068, the three sons of Harold, Godwine, Edmund, and Magnus, who had escaped with their grandmother, Gytha, came back by sea with a force from Ireland, doubtless chiefly Irish Danes. But they did nothing but plunder. They were driven off from Bristol, and there fought a battle with the men of Somerset, who were led by Eadnoth, a man who had been their father's Staller, or master of the horse, but who was now in the service of William. Eadnoth was killed, and Harold's sons sailed, having only made matters worse."-Freeman, 'Short Hist. of Norm, Conq.,' p. 99. A reputed daughter of the Conqueror's former wife, Matilda, was Gundrada de Warenne. Whether the Conqueror was or was not her father was disputed in the Sixth and Seventh Series. The last contribution, from which the others may be traced back, was 7th S. vii. 311. Later discovery is in favour of it, from a charter or charters in the National Library in Paris. ED. MARSHALL. "Harold is said to have been twice married. By his first wife, whose name has not been preserved, he had three sons, Edmund, Godwin, and Magnus...... His second wife, Editha, otherwise called Algitha, the daughter of the Earl of Alfgar, is said to have been the widow of Griffith, the Welsh prince, whose head had been sent by his subjects as a peace-offering to Harold. By her Harold is asserted to have had a son and two daughters; but as it is admitted that he was only married to her some time in 1065 at the earliest, we may doubt if she could already have produced so considerable a family. The son, named Wolf, is said to have been knighted by William Rufus; Gunilda, the eldest daughter, became blind, and passed her life in a nunnery; the second, whose name is unknown, is supposed to have gone to Denmark with her half-brothers. Queen Editha survived her husband many years, during which she is said to have lived in obscurity in Westminster [? Westchester]. This lady, according to the Scottish historians, was the mother, by her first husband, of a daughter, who married Fleance, the son of Banquo, thane of Lochaber, whose son Walter, marrying a daughter of Alan the Red, Earl of Brittany, became the progenitor of the Stewarts. (On this story see Appendix No. x. to the first volume of Hailes's Annals of Scotland.')"-Charles Knight's 'English Cyclopædia,' 1856, under "Harold." Betham, in his 'Genealogical Tables' (Table 602), gives Goodwin, Edmond, and Magnus as the issue of Harald's marriage with his first wife (name unknown). He calls the second wife Agatha, daughter of Algar, Earl of Mercia, and gives as issue Wolf and Gunhild. Speed, in his History of Great Britaine,' at the end of the eighth book, speaks of the first wife as not named by any writer; of the second as "Algith, widow of Gruffith ap Lhewelyn, King of North Wales, the sister of Edwine and Morcar, Earles of Yorkeshire and Chester, and daughter of Algar, sonne of Leofricke, son of Leofwine, all Earls of Chester, Leicester, and Lincolne." He makes the date of the marriage 1065. After mentioning Wolf and Gunhild, he says:— "Another daughter of King Harold, not named by any Story-writer of our owne Nation, is mentioned by Saxo-Grammaticus, in his Danish history." She married "Gereslef, called in Latine Iarislaves, and of the Danes Waldemar, King of the Russians," and by him "had a daughter, that was the mother of Waldemar, the first of that name King of Denmarke, from whom all the Danish kings for many ages after succeeded." Speed says that Algith, after the death of Harold, was conveyed by her brothers to Westchester (i.e., Chester), "where she remained in meane estate, and in good quiet......during the rest of her life, which lasted a great part of the Conquerours raigne." ROBERT PIERPOINT. VERNOR, HOOD & SHARPE (8th S. vi. 47).— "Of Mr. William Darton and Mr. Thomas Hood I shall have to speak hereafter, as connected with the associated booksellers; and, as a man of enterprise, I recollect the latter fifty-four years ago as librarian to that good and venerable character, Mr. Vernor, in Birchin Lane, Cornhill (subsequently Dutton's library). Vernor was a Sandimanian [sic], so was Hood.". Aldine Magazine, 1839, p. 311. 1 The promise to give further details as to Mr. Hood died with the issue (undated) of the number conwas never carried out, as the Aldine Magazine taining the above. The extract given is from the last of a very interesting series of papers entitled Annals of Authors, Artists, Books, and Booksellers.' These were written by William West, who also published anonymously Fifty Years* Recollections of an old Bookseller,' 1837, a very rambling and incoherent book, but valuable as containing many details not easily obtainable elsewhere. I believe West died in the Charterhouse at a great age. His matter was largely used in Curwen's History of Booksellers.' 39, Paternoster Row, E.C. WM. H. PEET. This firm appears to have originated as Vernor & Chater in 1772; it became Vernor & Hood in 1798; and Vernor, Hood & Sharpe in 1806. These dates are approximate. The senior partner had no male issue, and his family is now represented in the eminent firm of Grosvenor, Chater & Co., wholesale stationers and paper-makers, with very numerous family connexions. Thomas Hood, a native of Scotland, married a Miss Sands; his son, the poet ('Song of a Shirt,' &c.), was born in 1799, and in 1825 he married Jane Reynolds, dying in 1845. Thomas Hood, jun. (editor of Fun, &c.), born in 1835, died in 1874; his sister, The humourist's son gives the following account of Hood, the bookseller, in the 'Memorials of Thomas Hood' (London, 1873):— My father's own joking account of his birth was, that as his grandmother was a Miss Armstrong, he was descended from two notorious thieves, i. e., Robin Hood and Johnnie Armstrong. I have found his father's name mentioned in Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century,' by J. B. Nichols, F.S.A.: August 20th. At Islington, of a malignant fever, originating from the effects of the night air in travelling, Mr. Thomas Hood, bookseller, of the Poultry. Mr. Hood was a native of Scotland, and came to London to seek his fortune, where he was in a humble position for four or five years...... His partner, Mr. Vernor, died soon afterwards. Mr. Thomas Hood married a sister of Mr. Vernor, junior, by whom he had a large family. He was a truly domestic man and a real man of business. Mr. Hood was one of the "Associated Booksellers," who selected valuable old books for reprinting, with great success. Messrs. Vernor & Hood afterwards moved into the Poultry, and took into partnership Mr. C. Sharpe [sic]. The firm of Messrs. Vernor & Hood published "The Beauties of England and Wales," "The Mirror," "Bloomfield's Poems," and those of Henry Kirke White. Mr. Hood was the father of Thomas Hood, the celebrated comic poet.' The above account is tolerably correct, except that Mr. Hood married a Miss Sands, sister to the engraver of that name, to whom his son was afterwards articled. Mr. Hood's family consisted of many children, of whom two sons, James and Thomas, and four daughters, Elizabeth, Anne, Jesse, and Catherine, alone survived to riper age. At his house in the Poultry, on May 23, as far as we trace, in the year 1799, was born his second son, Thomas, the subject of this memoir." C. C. B. HARTFIELD CHURCH, SUSSEX (8th S. v. 246).The Rev. Richard Randes, of co. York, matriculated as pleb. fil. from Trinity College, Oxford, in 1604 (matriculation register entry under date Dec. 14, 1604), then aged fourteen, graduating B.A. on June 2, 1608, and proceeding M.A. April 29, 1612, and B.D. July 1, 1619, in which latter degree he was incorporated at Cambridge in 1621. He received a licence to preach on July 2, 1622 (Foster's Alumni Oxonienses,' 1500-1714, iii. 1233). DANIEL HIPWELL. STOCKS (8th S. v. 387).-"This yere was ordeyned in euery warde a peyr stockis" (Richard Arnold's 'Chronicle of London,' A.D. 1503, p. xxxvi). I think there is an earlier instance in Piers Ploughman,' but I have not chapter and verse. C. E. GILDERSOME-DICKINSON. BURNING THE CLAVIE (8th S. v. 484).-There is an account of this superstitious practice, with references to other authorities, in Mitchell's 'Past in the Present,' 1880, pp. 145, 256-263. I may add : F. Buckland, 'Notes and Jottings,' 1886, pp. 183, 184; N. & Q.,' 2nd S. ix. 38; Brand,' ed. Bohn, i. 310. It is briefly mentioned by Polydore Vergil, "De Invent. Reb.,' 1604, pp. 386, 387, who says it comes down from Roman pre-Christian times. In August, 1868, there was found at Banavie, three feet below the solid peat, a bag made of a calf's skin and filled with Archangel tar. A similar bag was found four years before on the opposite W. C. B. side of the river Lochy. CAREW OF GARRIVOE (4th S. x. 296, 397; 7th S. viii. 389).-Some time ago I made an inquiry respecting the parentage of a William Carew, killed in the earthquake at Lisbon in 1775. For reasons which have appeared in the Miscellanea Genealogica (Second Series, vol. iv. p. 231; and New Series, vol. i. p. 28), I believe that be is the person stated to have been killed in the earthquake at Lisbon in an article on the Carews in the Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, vol. v. p. 98, and described as "Peter" Carew in a pedigree given in Cussans's' History of Hertfordshire' ("Hundred of Cashio," p. 187), and that his parents were Thomas Carew, of the Garrivoe family, and Susanna Frankland, of the family seated at AshI shall be glad, however, to have the G. D. LUMB. matter further elucidated. grove. "TAKE TWO COWS, TAFFY " (8th S. v. 488).—Mr. Bellenden Ker, in his Archæology of Popular Phrases and Nursery Rhymes' (Longmans & Co., 1835), No. 36, page 283, gives two more lines, thus :— Taffy was a Welshman, Taffy was a thief, Taffy came to my house, and stole a leg of beef; I went to Taffy's house, Taffy was not at home; Taffy came to my house, and stole a marrowbone, Mr. Ker's curious theory as to this and thirty-five other nursery rhymes is that they are lampoons in Low Dutch on the priests of many centuries ago I only give for their greed and selfishness. specimens of two first lines :Tayf je was er wee helsch m'aen, Tayf je was er dief; Tayf je geé em t'oom bye huys: aen stoel er leeck af beeté, and so on; and his explanation or translation of the four lines as quoted above is this:— "Tuyf (the priest) by his calling, has ever proved a hell-contrived grievance to us all. Tuyf has ever been a diminisher of our property. Tuyf will hardly ever let my cousin Farmer leave his house, while up in the pulpit he shudders at the very name of the profane layman. The farmer places his house and its contents at the disposal of Tuyf; and Tuyf, for the sake of what he can take out of it, is very condescending and officious to the master of it. Tuyf will hardly ever let my cousin Farmer leave his house, while up in his pulpit he turns the austere and unsympathising denouncer of affliction upon the whole class." Then follows a sort of explanatory dictionary thus: "Tuyf was the term for the high cylindrical rimless black professional cap worn by the priest in all outdoor functions, such as burial, host carrying, &c." And in a preface to a second edition of the book Mr. Ker speaks plainly with regard to adverse criticisms in the Times and Athenæum. The other thirty-five nursery rhymes are all treated in the same way-converted into Low Dutch and translated, as is this one of Taffy; and curious they are. In the Midland Counties there used to be two extra lines added to this rhyme about Taffy; but inasmuch as Mr. Ker does not quote them, I need W. POLLARD. not. Hertford. Old gentlemen who still are gay ADDRESS ON ECONOMY AND FRUGALITY' (8th S. v. 469).—The Preliminary Address to the Pennsylvania almanac, entitled 'Poor Richard's Almanac, for the Year 1758, signed Richard Saunders, was written by Benjamin Franklin. "In 1732, Franklin began to publish Poor Richard's Almanack. This was remarkable for the numerous and valuable concise maxims which it contained, all tending to exhort to industry and frugality. It was continued for many years. In the almanack for the last year, all the maxims were collected in an address to the reader, entitled 'The Way to Wealth.' This has been translated into various languages, and inserted in different publications. It has also been printed in a large sheet, and may be seen framed in many houses in the city. This address that ever has appeared...... The demand for this almanack contains, perhaps, the best practical system of economy was so great that ten thousand have been sold in one year," &c.-Dr. Stuber's Life of Franklin.' A. WHEELER. Richard Saunders is the name assumed by Benjamin Franklin in the series of Pennsylvania 66 almanacs which he issued under the title' Poor note. 80, Saltoun Road, Brixton, S. W. On which I have, the Address on Frugality and EcoIn both the copies of the 'Pleasing Instructor' nomy' has the date of July 7, 1757, and is stated to form the preface to the Pennsylvanian almanac for 1758, with the signature of Richard Saunders. The authorship is settled by its being among Franklin's Essays,' as at p. 100, London, 1850. 'Poor Richard's Almanac' was another name for the Pennsylvanian almanac. They plume their crests and quiz the fair. "Ah, ah, my charmer, is that you?" "O, go along, you old fool, do!" "Not old, my dear; be more discreet, I'm always young in Regent Street !" EDWARD MARSHALL. Duncombe kept a book-shop in Middle Row, Holborn (now pulled down). Every evening he FOLK-LORE BANAGHER SAND (8th S. v. 486). held a sale by auction of books. At the door-I extract the following from my portly volume stood a poor half-witted man, with a most miser- of folk-lore and words and sayings of Ulster, desable countenance and voice, inviting the people in tined, I trust, to be one day printed :to buy, crying "Step in; sale about to comThe house and the master and man are all gone, and nothing left to recall the past-perhaps nothing worth remembering. WILLIAM TEGG. mence. " 13, Doughty Street, W.C. "There is another place of cure at the basin of a pretty waterfall on a tributary of the Owenrigh river, in is called Lig na Peasta' (the stone or burial-place of the the Banagher Glens, about four miles from Dungiven. It beast) from the following legend: A dragon or serpent was devastating the country round. St. O'Heany (twelfth century) who was the builder of the old church of Banagher (co. Derry), and whose tomb is still standing in that churchyard, cast the dragon into Lig na Peasta, and gave him the third of the fish that swim in the river for his food, and laid upon him a third of the diseases of all that should bathe in the waters. A bush near the fall is often decorated with rags, proving that some still believe in its efficacy. Near the bottom of the saint's tomb the celebrated Banagher sand is got. It must be lifted by an O'Heaney, one of the line descended from St. Murrough O'Heaney. A grain thrown over a horse in a race will make him win; or carried and sprinkled by a young lover will incline the fair one favourably. So also sprinkled on an adversary in a law suit, it will spoil his evidence and gain a verdict. It is also carried in a small bag by seafaring folk, and saves them from drowning. A man made a ring of Banagher sand, and placed inside it one of those accursed insects, a diaoul (alias noncrook, devil's coach-horse, dardeil), it travelled seven times round the inside of the ring and then died." Most of the above was obtained from my friend the late Canon Ross, of Dungiven. H. CHICHESTER HART. Queen's College; Ugger to the Union Society; GERMAN BANDS (8th S. vi. 28).-In all parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire I have found instances of the belief that rain will quickly follow after a German band has been in the district. In some places rain is looked for the same day. I should like to suggest to older contributors that, instead of merely giving references to early numbers of ' N. & Q.,' they should, in the interests of younger subscribers and students,_ give brief answers to the questions asked. Few young POE'S MURDERS IN THE RUE MORGUE' (8th students have the opportunity of referring to a S. v. 366).-MR. WALLER writes: "The employment of an ourang-outang in the committal of these murders has always seemed to me one of the most original ideas in fiction with which I am acquainted." Does not Sir W. Scott, in 'Count Robert of E. LEATON-BLenkinsopp. complete set of ' N. & Q,' and it is simply giving a stone in place of bread to state where information may be found when it is impossible to refer to the source indicated. Even in this city, with its admirable free reference library, I have experienced occasional difficulty when I wanted to look through early volumes of N. & Q'I have noticed a greater tendency than usual, during the last few months, to give references instead of actual information. Leeds. ALFONZO GARDINER. TSAR (8th S. v. 85, 232).—Evelyn spells this band is a forerunner of rain evidently extends to word Zarr: FRESHER FRESHMAN (8th S. v. 447).—I have always thought that fresher was due to Harrow influence at the universities. The school slang is rich in words ending in -er, and the boys rather pride themselves on the fact. Footer is football, noter a note-book, sicker a sick-room, ducker the bathing-place, speecher the speech-room and the public prize-giving which is accompanied by recitations. ST. SWITHIN. The superstition that the advent of a German North-West Essex, as an old servant of ours, a native of that part of the county, on one occasion, when I was particularly anxious that the day should be fine, told me she was sure it would rain as she had heard a German band. The rain came, but I do not imagine the band was responsible. Belle Vue, Bengeo. MATILDA POLLARD. EASTER SEPULCHRES (8th S. vi. 27).—In Stanton Harcourt Church, in the chancel on the north side of the altar, is a small monument, about four feet long by two wide, with the emblems of the Crucifixion, as well as family coats of arms, with a tall and rich Decorated canopy over it, which is supposed to have been used for the Easter sepulchre. It is stated in the Gentleman's Magazine (1841) that there are other examples in Germany of the same form (J. H. Parker's Deanery Guide'). I am not able to say whether the canopy is of wood or of stone. ED. MARSHall. MR. OWEN asks for some of the words to which the termination -er is applied by undergraduates at Oxford. They are innumerable. Any word can The movable Easter sepulchre formerly belongbe thus mutilated. Soccer stands for Association ing to the church at Kilsby, Northamptonshire, is football; rugger for the Rugby game; togger for fully described in 'The Principles of Gothic Ecclethe torpid boat-races; footer for the game of foot-siastical Architecture,' by Matthew Holbeche ball in general; Quagger I have heard applied to Bloxam (ii. 116-119, eleventh edition, 1882), a |