and consists, as correctly stated, of thirteen pages, rather more than less. On the top of the third page the author introduces the subject of the trial with the sentence, "It is soon arranged that her [Joan's] desire to be heard in defence of her character shall be gratified," and immediately wanders off the subject, but returns to it eventually, and finishes up the chapter with the sale of Avignon, which, rightly or wrongly, I regarded in the light of paying the bill of costs.*

I am glad MR. BADDELEY has given a list of the authorities he consulted when writing the account of the trial, as it enables me to show the reader how history is sometimes manufactured. I note that MR. BADDELEY'S list does not include a single contemporary author.t The trial was alleged to have taken place in 1348. The oldest source now quoted is Tristan Caracciolo, who wrote a century and a half after the murder; and no one knows where he obtained all his information. He is, I believe, the earliest, though a very Jukewarm, apologist of Joan. Next we have Maimburg, who wrote towards the end of the seventeenth century. The balance of MR. BADDELEY'S authorities is made up of writers belonging to our present century, including one or two authors of guide-books, who are all "supinely content" with accepting the story without question, and pass it on without troubling themselves about any authorities. Some of the graphic details, we are now told, were "borrowed" from the English anonymous biographer of 1824, in this case also without any attempt at a "scientific amusement""-as another writer calls it-known as "investigation of sources"; and the whole baseless fabric is appropriately capped by MR. BADDELEY'S Own inquiries at Avignon, where the local "traditions" (created and fostered by the aforementioned nineteenth century local guide-books, no doubt) completely reassured our author that "the romantic episode in the troubled career of the " wellbrought-up" queen was not a fantastic vision, but an established historic fact. This is not at all bad for an author who, in a magniloquent preface, promised his readers to reform the ways of previous authors and to clear away a little the nightshade and the bramble that had been not only allowed, but even encouraged to overgrow and conceal the real character of his heroine.

What MR. BADDELEY preaches and what he practises are evidently two different things. Under such circumstances it cannot be a matter of wonder that, in spite of the fresh accession of material, he

* In addition to this, the whole of p. 17 is about the "little fresco" representing the trial scene.

Matteo Villani has a very confused chapter about Fome kind of trial of Joan; but so far as I can understand him it is to clear her of a charge "di non perfetto amore matrimoniale" (lib. ii. c. xxiv.). But more about this anon.

finds himself not a whit further advanced than he was previously towards a clearer perception of the truth about the queen.

He is still unconvinced, and not yet prepared to take it for granted that Joan was not heard at all in the Papal Consistory. Well, if she was heard, Clement did not consider it safe to communicate the result to Louis of Hungary.

What other "far simpler way " of acquiring Avignon could have occurred to Clement than a sham sale, and the "little financial and diplomatic arrangement" with the "distressed queen and the Florentine banker"? Would not the "avaricious Emperor Charles IV." have claimed a substantial share in the booty if Clement had declared Joan guilty and seized her Provençal city? As regards Naples, he would have had to reckon with those hosts of "wild Huns and Germans," with whom, greatly to his annoyance, King Louis of Hungary had taken upon himself to invade and appropriate that realm.

As regards the "sale" of Avignon, MR. BADDELEY's own authorities play him false. Penjon makes merry over the subject. For the delectation of the reader let me quote in full what he has to say:

"On parle bien d'un prix de quatre-vingt mille florins, et l'on voit sur l'un des vitraux de Notre Dame des Doms l'image de ce marché; mais le pape tient encore à la donné."- Avignon,' p. 40. main la bourse toute pleine : l'argent ne fut jamais

somewhat lengthy answer, which, by his and the The points raised by JANNEMEJAYAH require a Editor's leave, I propose to reserve for a future

communication.

L. L. K.

ENGLISH MONUMENTS IN THE CRIMEA (8th S. v. 428).-Probably this extract from the Standard of May 31, 1884, will serve MR. FARMER for answer. I thought it would very probably have been reprinted in N. & Q.' at the time, but I cannot find it :

"A Correspondent writes to us :-The British cemetery on Cathcart's Hill was consecrated on the morning of May the 23rd, by the Bishop of Gibraltar, intimation having been previously given by Earl Granville of his approval to her Majesty's Consul General at Odessa. The cemetery has just been greatly enlarged, and surrounded by a strong and high wall. All the memorial-stones have been transferred hither from the other cemeteries, except two stone crosses at Balaclava, marking the graves of Sisters of Mercy attached during the war to the hospital there. These have been left, in compliance with special request. The remains of the brave men who fell in the cause of duty for Queen and country thirty years ago have not been disturbed. Even had it been possible to remove them, reverence demanded that they should rest in the ground where they were buried. The number of cemeteries was reduced in 1875 from the original number of one hundred and thirty-nine to eleven. Even this reduced number it was found impossible to protect against the depredations of roving Tartars. Accordingly, the committee appointed last year, at a meeting held in London under the presidency of the Prince of Wales,

decided that in future one cemetery only should be maintained. Owing to its size, its commanding and conspicuous site, and its associations as having been the centre of the English position, and the resting place of our most illustrious dead, the cemetery on Cathcart's Hill was necessarily chosen. Now that an annual allowance of two hundred pounds is granted by the Board of Works for the maintenance of the one cemetery retained, it is to be hoped that the British Vice-Consul at Sebastopol, who has charge of the cemetery, will be enabled to stock it more abundantly with trees, and to keep it in perfect order. There is, however, at present no water on the spot, and a well is absolutely necessary. The service of consecration was attended by Mr. G. R. Perry, her Majesty's Consul General for the district; Capt. Harford, her Majesty's Vice-Consul at Sebastopol; the Rev. E. W. Ford, English Chaplain at Odessa, and other British subjects. The French, Italian, Greek, and Turkish Consulates were represented. The most remarkable feature of the ceremony was the presence of the Governor of Sebastopol, Admiral Radenov, Admiral Popandopolo, Major-General Baron Vraitski, Acting Commander of the Forces at Sebastopol; Capt. Konkavitch, and other representatives of our former courageous foes, but now generous friends. A guard of honour, consisting of Russian marines, was stationed within the walls of the cemetery along the path girdling the ground. The solemn and picturesque ceremony ended with three volleys fired over the graves by the Russian marines from each side of the cemetery, in token that past animosities were buried and forgotten. Nothing could exceed the courtesy and helpful friendliness of the Russian authorities, who, on hearing of the proposed ceremony, volunteered to assist and to send a guard of honour. At the close of the service they were heartily thanked by the Bishop of Gibraltar on behalf of his countrymen." C. F. S. WARREN, M.A.

Longford, Coventry.

[Other replies are acknowledged.] TITLE OF PRINCE GEORGE (8th S. v. 249, 314, 375, 476).-Prince George (as such) was never Duke of Cornwall. That title is conferred only upon a son of the reigning sovereign. The eldest living son (filius primogenitus existens), if also heir apparent, is Duke of Cornwall. Thus Henry, Duke of York (afterwards Henry VIII.), became Duke of Cornwall upon the death s. p. of his brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, April 2, 1502, but was not created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester until ten months later, viz., Feb. 18, 1502/3. In like manner, Charles, Duke of York (afterwards Charles I.), upon the death s. p. of his brother Henry, Prince of Wales, Nov. 6, 1612, immediately succeeded him as Duke of Cornwall, although his patent as Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester was not passed until Nov. 4, 1616.

The grandson of the sovereign (although he may be heir apparent) is not Duke of Cornwall. The present Prince of Wales (like his predecessor,

"The walls of the other cemeteries have been pulled down, and all trace of the spots having been used for burial has been obliterated."

"The two admirals served in the defence of Sebastopol during the Crimean war. The Russian authorities accompanied the Bishop and congregation in the procession customary at such services round the ground."

George IV.) was born Duke, but in the event of his decease in the lifetime of the Queen, his son Whereas, would not become Duke of Cornwall. if the Prince of Wales left no surviving issue of any kind, the Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha (Duke of Edinburgh), if he survived his brother, would immediately become Duke of Cornwall, as eldest living son of the Crown and heir apparent as well. C. H.

If my friend MR. GILDERSOME - DICKINSON desires any further corroboration of fact touching the date of the death of Prince Frederick, he will find it in the Diary' of the notorious Geo. Bubb Dodington, better known as Lord Melcombe, one of the prince's confidants. On March 6, 1751, he notes: "Went to Leicester House, where the Prince told me he had catched cold, the day before, at Kew, and had been blooded." After recording the progress of the malady, Lord Melcombe enters, on March 20, 1751:—

"I was told at Leicester House, at three o'clock, that the Prince was much better, and had slept eight hours in the night before, while, I suppose, the mortification was forming; for he died this evening a quarter before ten o'clock." This agrees with the Gazette.

CHAS. JAS. FÈRET.

SMALL-POX (8th S. v. 108, 317).—

"Rev. J. Goadby, writer of the following extract (vide Report of General Baptist Missionary Society for the year 1867, p. 22), was at that time itinerating amongst the wild tribes inhabiting the mountain fastnesses of Khondistan. He was staying for a time at Linapurda, visiting the villages around and preaching to the people who crowded to hear: Whilst we were here (Linapurda) small-pox was very prevalent, and the third day inoculating the children of the district. Every child, after our arrival was the time they had appointed for from four months to eight or nine years, was to undergo the operation. Hundreds were brought, and amongst them numbers who were suffering from almost every disease. I expostulated with their parents, especially those of the latter, and urged them at least to wait until their children were in good health; but as they, in common with the people in the plains, look upon the disease as a caprice of the goddess, they paid no heed to my advice. The ceremony commenced by the sacrifice of a goat, whose blood was sprinkled on the door-post, walls, and floor of the house specially erected for the performin one day, and the last day we stayed we heard upwards ance of the operation. Upwards of 800 were inoculated of 1,000 were going to be operated upon. We met crowds of people carrying or leading their children. All the villages on the line of our route were forsaken except by receive value at the rate of 6d. a head. I have since heard the aged. For successful cases the operator would the whole district is full of the disease, scarcely a house in which there are not two or more suffering. The operator told me himself a week later, when I met him in another district, two months before he had inoculated 2,000 children, and that he knew upwards of 800 had died. It seems very terrible that Government dees not do someting to stop a system so fraught with danger to human life. Below the Ghauts (the mountain fastnesses) the punishment is heavy. Small-pox in the Khond Hills has this year been terribly fatal from this cause. The

A

MANCHESTER AUTHOR (8th S. v. 328). Treatise on the Solar Creation and Universal Deluge of the Earth' was written by John Lowe, Jun., a Manchester tradesman, who died in 1818. He wrote also 'An Explanation of the Aurora Borealis'; 'Liberty or Death,' 1789, being a tract on the slave trade; and a small volume of Poems,' 1803. Such particulars of his life and works as could be collected will be found in an article by Mr. W. E. A. Axon in Manchester Notes and Queries, June 25, 1887.

CHARLES W. SUTTON.

360, Moss Lane East, Manchester.

MOTHERS' MAIDEN NAMES (8th S. v. 486)-The suggestion of perpetuating the mother's maiden name was made by Mr. Jonathan Hutchinson in his Hunterian Oration, delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Feb. 14, 1891. He

says:

"In speaking of the biography of a biologist, of one who himself took the keenest interest in hereditary transmission-above all, in speaking before an audience of biologists by profession-I cannot think that it is out of place to ask attention to the facts which I have adverted to. May I venture on the practical suggestion that it would be a matter of social convenience, great help to biographers, and at the same time a mere act of justice to the maternal parentage which all share, if the maiden name of the mother were always prefixed to that of the father? Thus, for one generation at least, we should recognize that our mothers have, with our fathers, an equal share in the credit accruing to the family name from the deeds of the children. Under such a plan we should have a William Arden-Shakespeare, a John Jeffrey-Milton, a John Paul-Hunter, and a Matthew Hunter-Baillie."

J. B. B.

THISTLE (8th S. iv. 89, 197).—At 8th S. ii. 129, under a query as to the thistle motto, "Ce que Dieu garde est bien gardé "-to which, by the way, I have got no reply your correspondent will find the following references: 1st S. i. 90, 166; v. 281; 3rd S. vii. 282; 5th S. xi. 227, 295; 6th S. vi. 320, 493; 7th S. vi. 207, 311, 429, and will there get a full answer to his query. J. B. FLEMING.

THE 'GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE' (8th S. v. 407). -"Prodesse et delectare e pluribus unum." There occurs in Cicero, 'In Catilin.,' the expression "Unus ex omnibus" (iii. 7). ED. MARSHALL.

EXTRAORDINARY FIELD (8th S. v. 29, 97, 133, 353).—Mr. HENDERSON'S suggestion at the last reference, that the deleterious effect of the field at Dunsany upon live stock may be due to topdressing from the soil of an adjoining cemetery,

"In the field he fed a cow. At a certain point of the field, whenever the cow reached it, she tossed her head, threw up her tail, pawed the ground, even ploughed it with her horns, behaved in all points like a cow bereft thrown over her head that she might not see, she was of understanding. What was the cause? A cloth was muzzled that she might not smell; yet still at that one marked spot she went through exactly the same antics. In course of time this cow was sold, and another cow was bought. The second cow did as the first. The second was sold, and a third bought, and the third did even as the second. The time was clearly come for a more minute scientific inquiry into the cause of these strange doings on the part of three successive kine. Diggings were made, and a drain was found to run across the whole field, from the house to the amphitheatre. At the particular spot chosen for the cow's gambols was a further hole, like a well, stuffed full of rubbish of every kind, but mainly of the bones of animals. The hole was cleared out and filled up, and made like the rest of the field, and from that time such cows as have fed in the field have shown no tendency to the strange pranks of those that went before them. Now what is the explanation? Animals have a keen sense of smell, and are often much affected by the presence of anything like animal remains; but here the experiment of the muzzle seems to shut out the possibility of smell being the faculty called into play, if any smell could have attached to bones or anything else after so long a time as they are likely to have been hidden. It seems more likely that the faculty that was called forth was the power of discerning insecurity in the ground, a power which animals often show in a high degree. Anyhow there is the story; one would have liked to know how it would have struck Gregory of Tours."-Sketches from French Travel' (Tauchnitz, 1891), pp. 290, 291.

Glasgow.

WILLIAM GEORGE BLACK.

THE LION OF SCOTLAND (8th S. v. 366, 433, 493).—I am afraid I have, unintentionally, misrepresented SIR WILLIAM FRASER'S statement in a former note-for which I humbly crave pardonand thus misled SIR HERBERT MAXWELL. What SIR WILLIAM FRASER does state is, that the field of the royal arms of England is scarlet or vermilion, while the Scottish lion rampant is crimson (or the ordinary red of heraldry).

borne only in the royal arms," that is of England: In 'Hic et Ubique,' p, 215, 1. 5, “Scarlet being

"In the Royal Arms of Scotland 'the ruddy lion ramped in gold' is crimson. At the recent Jubilee fourfifths of the Royal flags hoisted in London were incorrect; the first and fourth quarters being crimson." In my ignorance I supposed there was only one tincture of red used in heraldry, and that the Scottish lion and the field of England were of the same tincture, viz., the ordinary gules of heraldry. On this point I sought information.

J. OGILVY FAIRLIE.

U AS A CAPITAL LETTER (8th S. v. 347, 375, 435, 474, 493).-CANON ISAAC TAYLOR will for

give me pointing out that I have refrained from flattering U by elevating it to a rank never claimed. I asked whether it was used as a capital letter by English founders, printers, or founder-printers, as early as Queen Elizabeth; and when I saw before me the whole alphabet set forth STUVW, I think that I was justified in putting the question in a commonly understood form. Quite content am I if the learned CANON thinks otherwise; the mistake will not be my first, and I sincerely hope it will not be my last. ANDREW W. TUER.

The Leadenhall Press, E.C.

IRISH SONG (8th S. v. 467).—I do not think the lines quoted by A. G. B. are taken from 'Roisin Duvh (or Dhu). It is evident, from the epithet "bright" applied to dark Rosaleen, as well as from a comparison of the rest of the quotation with the Gaelic original, that they are not part of a translation of the well-known Irish song. A. G. B. will find a somewhat imperfect reading of this political song under the title 'Roisin Dhuv' at p. 234 of Hardiman's Irish Minstrelsy,' being included in the "Sentimental" section of that work, doubtless on account of a "milk-and-water" translation by Thomas Furlong which is given on the opposite page. The proper title of the song is 'Ros geal duvb,' meaning fair (-skinned), dark (-haired) Rose, this being one of the many names under which Ireland was personified in the political songs of her sixteenth-century poets. A carefully edited version of 'Ros geal duvb,' together with a spirited and remarkably accurate translation by Edward Walsh, will be found at p. 60 of a collection of Irish Popular Songs,' published by Roe, Dublin, 1847.

JAMES DONElan.

A. G. B. will find in Irish Love Songs,' selected by Katharine Tyuan ("Cameo Series," T. Fisher Unwin, 1892), James Clarence Mangan's 'Dark Rosaleen,' a translation of which the last verse but one ends thus :

And one beamy smile from you

Would float like light between
My toils and me, my own, my true,
My Dark Rosaleen!

My fond Rosaleen!
Would give me life and soul anew,
A second life, a soul anew,
My Dark Rosaleen!

EDWIN SEALY VIDAL.

"CHACUN A SON GOÛT" (8th S. iv. 245, 317; v. 136, 271, 412).—The Keepsake' poem referred to in MR. DRURY'S reply has been brought back to life by Mr. Clifford Harrison's clever recitation. I have several times thought of it during this discussion in N. & Q.,' and have wondered as to the grammatical value of the lonely vowel. That question MR. DRURY's citation has set at rest. The reflection "Chacun à son tour" is not unknown in English literature, e.g., see 'The Sentimental Journey.' ST. SWITHIN.

JEWS, CHRISTIANS, AND GEORGE III. (8th S. iv. 507; v. 78, 276).-The true story seems given by the Rev. Gavin Carlyle, in his 'Memoir of Adolph Saphir, D.D.,' 1893, p. 299:

"Frederick the Great said one day, before a large company of sceptics and unbelievers, to his general Ziethen, whose courage and loyalty were as well known as his simple faith and piety, Give us a good argument vincing. The Jews, your Majesty,' replied the veteran, to prove Christianity, but something short and conand the company was silent."

E. L. G.

SIR JOHN ARMERTRE: DR. WOTTON: SIR MORICE GRUFFITHE (8th S. v. 268).-Anthony Wotton, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, chosen Professor of Divinity in Gresham College 1596, and about 1598 lecturer of Allhallows Barking, where he was buried, December 11, 1626. He was the author of a number of theological works.

Sir Morris Griffith, knighted at Whitehall July 23, 1603. JOHN RADCliffe.

"TO HANG OUT (8th S. v. 366).-This phrase certainly occurs in the 'Pickwick Papers.' Bob Sawyer says to Mr. Pickwick, "Where do you hang out?" and that gentleman replied "that he was at present suspended at the George and Vulture, Cornhill." An earlier instance of its use I do not remember; but forty years ago it was a common enough question at Oxford, "Where do you hang out?"-i.e., live, or reside. At Cambridge the question put was "Where do you keep?" and the use of one expression or other used to be regarded as showing the Oxford or Cambridge man. In East Anglia, the dining-room is often called the