Maritime Commerce and the Future of the Panama Canal

advantage alternatives America approximately Atlantic average benefits bulk Canal cargo Canal Zone capacity cargo movement carried carriers chambers Chapter charges close coal Coast commerce commodities compared construction container containerships continue costs countries Destination distance East economic effect estimate Europe existing feet Figure flags forecast foreign future Gatun given gives going Government Gross growth improvements increase Interoceanic Canal Italy Japan Lake land larger less limits listed locks long tons Marine maritime miles million million long tons moving navigation needed ocean operation Originating Pacific Panama Canal Company passing percent percentage period pilots ports possible present principal Report require rise route sea-level canal ships South specialized Suez supplies Table Third toll tonnage trade traffic transits transportation treaty trends United vessels waterway West York