qua is the poor man's university. Its value is enhanced by the fact that its particular field is largely among the more remote and smaller communities of the country. In many cases it is the only link between them and culture. Of course a large portion of any Chautauqua programme is pure entertainment. But entertainment in this case is more than it is in a big city; in a little struggling farm village or a harddriven mining town entertainment means in the best sense recreation and mental rejuvenation.

"We look forward to Chautauqua the whole year as the bright spot in our lives," said a little old farmer's wife to me last summer in South Dakota. "Our year is made up of fifty-one weeks of humdrum slavery and one week of Chautauqua."

However, if you look at any Chautauqua programme, you will be surprised at the large percentage of features in which instruction or pure information is more emphasized than entertainment. Lectures, for instance, form a very large part of any Chautauqua programme. Now a great many of these lectures are still built after a modified form of the

old recipe-that is, you may say that instead of being five parts sense and five parts nonsense, they are seven parts stimulation of the mind and three parts stimulation of the diaphragm.

It was as one of the large number of men and women who every summer "put the talk in Chautauqua" that I had my first experience with "the most American thing in America" several years ago. Like every other lecturer at his first Chautauqua experience, I was surprised by the thirst for information on serious subjects and the great capacity for absorbing it which I found among people who had never had more than a common school education, who had never had opportunities to use any of the usual means of higher cultivation. My first town was a little dusty farm village of 371 inhabitants, or about a third the size of the audience that the big tent would hold. "Why on earth do they have a Chautauqua in this town?" I asked myself. The answer was soon visible a press of more than a. hundred automobiles, mostly Fords, which poured into town from all directions, each bringing a farmer and his family. When a lecturer sees people

like these making such an effort as this to hear him expound his plan for rehabilitating Mexico, or for achieving a real League of Nations, or for improving American public school education, that lecturer is put on his mettle as he has probably never been put on his mettle before. The sight of this tremendous thirst for information ought to make the most egregious expounder of claptrap and buncombe expurgate such features from his talk.

Chautauqua is doing a great work of education and inspiration. It reaches minds that no other school reaches, and it reaches hearts that no other church reaches. Religion without creed is one of the fundamental principles of Chautauqua. When you hear this or that clergyman of this or that narrow sect complaining that because people do not fill his church religion is dying in the hearts of Americans, tell him that, while his premises may be right, he had better revise his deductions. The truth is that millions of the sort of people who used to attend churches where religion with creed was extolled are now getting their religion without creed from Chautauqua.

"I'm blamed if he didn't run every train on the division without the slightest authority."

"And did he do it all right?"
"Oh, yes, all right."

The speakers were Thomas A. Scott, in charge of one of the divisions of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, and the head of the freighting department of Pittsburgh. The time was before the Civil War period. The "little whitehaired Scotch devil" was Andrew Carnegie.

He was working for Scott at a salary of thirty-five dollars a month as clerk and telegraph operator. One morning young Carnegie learned that a serious accident had delayed the express passenger train westward and that the passenger train eastward was proceeding with a flagman in advance at every curve. The freight trains were all standing still upon the sidings. Mr. Scott was not to be found. Mr. Carnegie says, in his delightful autobiography: "I could not resist the temptation to plunge in, take the responsibility, give train orders, and set matters going." He continues:

"Death or Westminster Abbey," flashed across my mind. I knew it was dismissal, disgrace, perhaps criminal punishment for me if I erred. On the other hand, I could bring in the wearied freight-train men who had lain out all night. I I could set everything in motion. I knew I could. I had often done it in wiring Mr. Scott's orders. I knew just what to do, and so I began. I gave the orders in his name, started every train, sat at the instrument watching every tick, carried the trains along from station to station,

1 Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. Illustrated. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

$5.

took extra precaution, and had everything running smoothly when Mr. Scott at last reached the office.

That was the kind of Scotch fiber Andrew Carnegie showed. He was willing to take responsibility and "to take a chance," just as the Bruce did, whose tomb is in Carnegie's native town of Dunfermline, and where Dunfermline boys grew up with true Scotch imagination and pride. When, one day, a wicked

Courtesy of Houghton Mifflin Company

Andrew Camegie

big boy at school told Andrew that England was far larger than Scotland, Andrew went to his uncle, who had the remedy. "Not at all, Naig [his diminutive for Carnegie]. If Scotland were rolled out flat as England, Scotland would be the larger. But would you have the Highlands rolled down?"

Another reason why Andrew Carnegie succeeded in life was because he knew

men. He tells us of this trait in connection with his keeping pigeons and rabbits as a boy. He says:

I am grateful every time I think of the trouble my father took to build a suitable house for these pets.

Our home became headquarters for my young companions. . . . My first business venture was securing my companions' services for a season as an employer, the compensation being that the young rabbits, when such came, should be named after them. The Saturday holiday was generally spent by my flock in gathering food for the rabbits. My conscience reproves me to-day, looking back, when I think of the hard bargain I drove with my young playmates, many of whom were content to gather dandelions and clover for a whole season with me, conditioned upon this unique reward-the poorest return ever made for labor. Alas! what else had I to offer them? Not a penny.

I treasure the remembrance of this plan as the earliest evidence of organizing power upon the development of which my material success in life has hung-a success not to be attributed to what I have known or done myself, but to the faculty of knowing and choosing others who did know better than myself.

Andrew Carnegie began work as a bobbin boy at $1.20 a week. He then served the Pennsylvania Railroad System from telegraph boy and operator to the management of the Pittsburgh division. He became assistant to Mr. Scott when Scott was Assistant Secretary of War in charge of transportation. organized rail-making, bridge-making, and locomotive concerns. He introduced the Bessemer process in the manufacture of steel. He draws this picture of himself:

Up to this time [1873] I had the reputation in business of being a bold, fearless, and perhaps a somewhat reckless young man. . . . I know of one who declared that if "Andrew Carnegie's brains did not carry through, his luck would." . . But I am sure that any competent judge

He

would be surprised to find how little I ever risked for myself or my partners. . . My supply of Scotch caution has never been small; but I was apparently something of a daredevil now and then to the manufacturing fathers of Pittsburgh. They were old and I was young, which made all the difference.

a

The one occurrence in Mr. Carnegie's Pittsburgh career which wounded him deeply was the Homestead strike (1892). Workmen had been killed at the Carnegie Works. That was sufficient, says Mr. Carnegie, "to make my name by word for years." While he was in Scotland the strike arose; "it was so unnecessary," says Mr. Carnegie. Finally, satisfaction came-and largely through the National Civic Federation, which, as Mr. Carnegie records, exerts "a benign influence over both employers and employees."

The iron and steel master, now rich, proceeded to spend his money on the principle that "private wealth is a public trust." His first benefaction took the form of public library buildings. The thought of devoting his money to this purpose was suggested by his early acquaintance with Colonel Anderson, of Pittsburgh, who, on Saturday afternoons, had the praiseworthy habit of lending any of his several hundred books. Young Andrew eagerly looked forward to these afternoons, and resolved that if he ever became rich he would found libraries. He did. And then came the Pittsburgh Carnegie institute; the Carnegie Institution, with its seat at Washington; the Hero Fund; the Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; the Endowment for International Peace; and, finally, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, which was to act as a trustee for all future gifts.

Whether a poor boy or a millionaire, Andrew Carnegie remained throughout the shrewd, keen, wide-awake Scotch character. He retained his childlike and youthfully buoyant enthusiasms to the last. No matter how much people may criticise his personal idiosyncrasies and his political and social theories, he was a great captain of industry and he had a great conception of life. His Autobiography is indeed a human document. Happily, its editor has set it before us almost entirely in Mr. Carnegie's own words. The Scotch laddie who was to become one of the most notable Americans of his time tells his tale in his own way. The book is thus firsthand, intimate, individual. It will be read and appreciated the world over.

novel is pleasant enough, and if one yields credence to the very improbable exchange of names and identities between the two young girl workers in the Golden Shoe establishment, the complications ensuing are easily accepted. LILIOM: By Franz Molnar. English Text and Introduction by Benjamin F. Glazer. Boni

& Liveright, New York. $1.75. An editorial discussion of this play appeared in The Outlook for May 25. PATH OF THE KING (THE). By John Buchan. The George H. Doran Company, New York. $1.90.

That the kingly spirit, the native power and genius that make a leader of men, does not die out is the theme of these episodes in fictional history. In each a descendant of an ancient Norse king plays a brave, if minor, part. In the life and death of Lincoln the kingly inheritance rises to world-wide fame and vigor.

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France, and America. These phenomena are relied upon by the author to establish his first contention-that the soul exists apart from the body. Two volumes to follow will deal with apparitions and with supposed manifestations of human survival after death. HUSBANDS AND WIVES. By Arthur Belleville McCoid. St. Hubert Publishing Comipany, Chicago.

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CONTRIBUTORS'

GALLERY

YMAN ABBOTT, Editor-in-Chief of The Outlook, graduated from the New York University sixty-eight years ago, at an age when most boys to-day are preparing to enter college, and was admitted to the bar in New York by the time he was twenty-one. He practiced law with his brothers, whose names are well known to the legal profession through the wide use of Abbott's "Digest." His early acquaintance with New York City, of which he writes in this issue, was thus gained by him as a student and as a practicing lawyer. Some of his legal work gave him opportunities of seeing certain sides of life that the ordinary citizen never knows. Several weeks ago a few of New York's older citizens were honored at a gathering at the Town Hall in New York City. Dr. Abbott, being one of the number, made an address on that occasion, which, though not preserved in exact form in the article in this issue, covered much the same subject. In later issues Dr. Abbott will resume his "Snap-Shots."

YDNEY GREENBIE is a traveler, lecturer,

Sandy Guthor who has spent several

years of residence in various parts of the Pacific. He has sojourned in the South Sea Islands, in New Zealand, where he remained a year, in Australia, where he remained for six months, in the Philippines, in China, and, finally, in Japan, where he remained for over two years. He has contributed other articles to The Outlook.

R'

ICHARD BARRY's two articles last fall on the two Presidential candidates, comparing them as newspaper men and citizens, formed a capital introduction of him to The Outlook's readers. Mr. Barry is primarily a newspaper man, having had wide experience with several newspapers, and having served as correspondent in the Russo-Japanese War and with the Atlantic Fleet in its cruise around the world in 1908. He is the author of several books.

HERMAN ROGERS is known to the

Headers of The Outlook for his racy treatment of industrial subjects, which is due to his knowledge of such subjects from the root up. He was a lumberjack before he was a lecturer and writer.

MELIA JOSEPHINE BURR, who has been frequent contributor to The Outlook, is the author of several volumes of verse.