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The enrollment during the year was 33,802, of which 15,542 were white and 5,695 colored boys, and 8,763 white and 3,802 colored girls. The number of buildings in use for schools was 120 in towns and 387 in rural districts. During the year a normal school was opened in San Juan and was attended by over 800 teachers. The same year a number of Cuban and Porto Rican teachers visited the United States and attended the sessions of the Harvard Summer School at Cambridge, Mass. Owing to the poverty of the peasant class and the inadequate means of transportation, it seems that a school system extensive enough to cover all of the territory to the best advantage cannot be established for several years. Several acts were passed by the Porto Rican Legislature in 1901 that are of general interest. In accordance with a recommendation of the Governor, trial by jury in criminal cases was instituted where the defendant was on trial for a crime punishable by death or more than two years' imprisonment. A juror, to qualify, must be a citizen of the United States or of Porto Rico, must be conversant with the Spanish language, and own property in Porto Rico assessed to the value of at least $200. Jacob H. Hollander, treasurer of the island, prepared an act providing for a new system of taxation, which was passed by the Legislature. Under the Spanish system both the direct and indirect taxes fell heavy on the poor and lightly upon the rich people. The Hollander act repealed the Spanish taxes and provided for a tax on real and personal property not to exceed 1 per cent for both municipal and insular purposes, excise taxes and a graded inheritance tax.

A special session of the Legislature was held July 4, 1901, to ask that free trade with the United States be granted Porto Rico. The Foraker Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1901, directed that all duties on imports from the island should cease after March 1, 1902, or as soon as Porto Rico was able to pay her own bills. It was found that ample insular revenues were being collected under the Hollander Act, and so the Legislature made a special request that free trade be declared on July 25. 1901, as the anniversary of the first landing of American troops on the island. The request was granted, and since then

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Inauguration of the First American Governor of Porto Rico.

trade between the island and the United States has been continually increasing, and the shipments from Porto Rico in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, amounted to nearly $10,000,000.

Two political parties tend to keep Porto Rican politics at an interesting stage. Serious outbreaks are reported to have taken place between the Republicans and the Federals during the recent campaign in the island. The Republicans, representing the faction which opposed Bryan in the United States in 1900, are in power, and have been ever since civil government was instituted under Governor Allen. The Federals claim that they are deprived of the right to vote by arbitrary rulings of Republican election officers. On September 4 a party of Republicans attacked the Federal section of the town of Caguey and a bloody riot followed. It was stated in press dispatches that the police sided with the Republicans and refused to restore order. On October 2 the Executive Council, consisting of four nominal Republicans and three Federals, issued an order to the effect that the election judges should consist of one Federal and two Republicans. When the time for registration came, it was claimed that Federals were arrested by the wholesale in order to prevent their voting, and that the entire registration was a farce.

Prison Statistics for Porto Rico were received too late for tabulating. In the penitentiary and the five jails of the island, on September 30, 1902, there were 998 prisoners incarcerated for various crimes. Following are the crimes and the number of prisoners for each:

Abduction, 1; arson, 34; assault and battery, 181; attempt at robbery, 2; assault, 2; assassination, 41; carrying arms, 2; counterfeiting, 4; cruelty to animals, 1; damages, 3; drunkenness, 1; embezzlement, 3; false denunciation, 1; false pretense, 2; forgery, 2; fraud, 14; gambling, 4; homicide, 76; intimidation, 2; insulting, 4; offense against public peace, 100; offense against public health, 1; robbery and homicide, 6; robbery by conspiracy, 52; robbery, assault and battery, 6; robbery and theft, 17; riot, 2; recklessness. 1; slander, 1; possession of counterfeit coin, 1; perjury, 1; parricide, 3; contempt of court, 9; passing counterfeit coin, 3; theft, 126; threats, 20; violation of military laws, 3; violation of postal laws, 3; violation of United States statutes, 4; social crimes, 33.

Portugal.

Capital:
LISBON.

surnamed "The Restorer."

The House of Braganza, the reigning dynasty of Portugal, dates from the latter part of the Fourteenth century, when Alfonso, an illegitimate son of King John I., was created Count of Barcellos by his father, and, later, Duke of Braganza by King Alfonso V. When the House of Avis, the old reigning family, became extinct by the death of King Sebastian's successor, Cardinal Henrique, the throne passed to Philip II., of Spain, but even the fact that he was a descendant of a Portuguese princess did not make the people feel kindly towards their Spanish rulers, and after sixty years of dissatisfaction they revolted and proclaimed Don John, Duke of Braganza, King. The present ruler is descended from this monarch, King John IV., whom historians have

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King Carlos I., who was born September 28, 1863, was the son of King Luiz I., and Queen Maria Pia, daughter of the late King Victor Emmanuel II., of Italy. He succeeded to the throne October 19,1889. On May 22, 1886, he married Princess Marie Amelia, the daughter of Philippe of Orleans, Comte de Paris, Their children are:

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Premier and Minister of the Interior, E. R. H. Ribeiro; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Finance, F. M. Santos: Minister of Justice and Worship, A. Campos Henriques; Minister of War, L. A. P. Pinto; Minister of Marine and Colonies, A. T. de Sousa: Minister of Public Works, Industry and Commerce, M. A. de Vargas. THE NATION.-The basic principle of the Kingdom of Portugal is the charter granted in 1826 by Pedro IV. In the sovereign is vested the moderating authority. The Legislature is in two chambers, the House of Peers and the Hall of being gradually abolished; at pres fifty peers besides those of royal Commons are elected every four

The State religion is that of other faiths are tolerated.

Education is nominally compul nominally

Justice is administered first in trict. Above these are three courts at Lisbon.

The estimated revenue for 1902 658,928.

Portugal is fortified at Elvas, the last having the only modern Nearly one-half of the territory waste land; about 15 per cent in per cent in pasture and 2 per cent weaving and the fishing industries

Commons. Hereditary Peerage is ent the King can appoint not over blood. Deputies to the House of years by the people.

the Roman Catholic Church. All sory; in the primary schools, only the comarca courts, one to each disof appeal and the Supreme Court, was $57,521,327; expenditure, $59,Angra (in the Azores), and Lisbon, fortresses.

of Portugal (45.8 per cent) is crops. 7 per cent in fruit trees, 27 in vineyards. Cotton spinning and are important.

colonies are to be found in Africa and Madeira are integral parts of are Goa, on the coast of Malabar; north of Bombay; Diu, a small island in the Indian Archipelago, Canton River-a total of about fine coast transportation business, ince, and nearly pays its cost to than does so, having a large revtrade. Portuguese possessions in

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THE COLONIES-Portuguese and Asia. The Cape Verde Islands the Kingdom. In Asia the colonies Damaun, on the coast of India, Island west of Damaun; Timor, an and Macao, at the mouth of the 9,000 square miles. Goa, with a is a thriving and prosperous prov the mother country; Macao more enue form an enormous opium Southeast Africa include Lorenzo Marquez and Mozambique, two important colonies, running from Tongaland (British) to the British Central Africa Protectorate. The Mozambique and The Nyassa Companies, both of which hold royal charters, administer over half of this territory. They have built up important supply and good trade stations, besides doing a very lucrative transportation business. There are two railways of 240 miles total length. The West Africa colonies include parts of the coast of Guinea; the adjacent islands of St. Thomas and Principe; the provinces of Landana and Cebena, between the French Congo and the Free State, and the vast province of Angola, to the left of the Congo River. In Angola there are over 300 miles of railway and 250 of telegraph wires. None of these provinces pay for themselves.

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According to census results the proportion of the population, including children, that could not read was 82.4 per cent in 1878, and in 1890 it was 79.2 per cent. In 1890 there were 5,339 public and private primary schools, or 10.6 per 10.000 of population, the number of pupils being 237.791, or 471 per 10,000 of population. There were 175 primary schools for adults with 6,774 pupils. In 1899 there were 4,483 public primary schools. Normal schools for the training of teachers are being gradually created in the chief towns. For higher instruction there are polytechnic schools at Lisbon and Oporto, schools of medicine at Lisbon, Oporto and Funchal, a school of agriculture at Lisbon, a naval school, a military school, a high school of letters, schools of fine art at Lisbon and Oporto, and a musical and dramatic conservatory at Lisbon,

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Pretenders

to European Chrones.

Prince Victor
Napoleon.

Don Carlos, Duke of
Madrid.

Miguel, Duke of
Braganza.

FOUR PRETENDERS TO EUROPEAN THRONES.

The right of several reigning European sovereigns to the thrones they occupy is openly questioned by claimants who dispute the right directly by the personal assertion of their individual claims, or indirectly through adherents, who, in some cases, are avowedly or secretly organized with a view to eventually restore to power the dynasty for which they assert the right to reign by reason of legitimacy. It is a striking illustration of the liberal spirit of the present age that the so-called legitimatists carry on their propaganda to a certain extent in the very countries affected by their claims, without falling under that ban of law and authority which, a few generations back, would have sent them to dungeons or to the scaffold. Besides existing thrones which are coveted for soi-disant legitimate heirs, there is one, and possibly there are two republics, successors of monarchies, wherein it is hoped to set up anew the overturned throne. Were it not for the immense power of the United States as an independent nation it is possible that this republic also might be included in one of the efforts to "restore the king to his own,' "should that particular one ever advance to the stage of practical action; and this fact is forcibly suggested by the existence here of branches of the organization which

are working in what it believes to be legitimate interests.

This, together with the close connection of our national history with that of England, gives first place in American interest to the claim made that the British throne for years has been occupied by a family of usurpers. The Legitimist Jacobite League is an organization, with headquarters in London, and branch organizations elsewhere, including one in Boston, Mass., and one in Philadelphia, Pa., which is making constant increase in membership and bears upon its rolls some names included in the British peerage. The aim of this league is the restoration to the throne of a royal line more direct in its descent from the Stuarts than is that represented by King Edward VII. Although organized during the later part of Queen Victoria's reign, the league has evidently regarded as inauspicious any movement for ousting that loved and honored sovereign, or her popular successor; but, with the strength of numbers and of sentiment which it is developing, it may make trouble for the present heir apparent, even to the extent of depriving him of the succession. Members of the league profess not to recognize the reigning house, but confer upon the wife of Crown Prince Louis of Bavaria the title of "Mary IV., Queen of England," giving to her oldest son, Prince Rupert, the title "Prince of Wales." The Princess gives no open countenance to this movement in her favor, although she makes tacit acknowledgment of the legitimacy which underlies it. She is the daughter of the ex-Duke of Modena, who lost his throne in 1860, when his dominions were incorporated in the kingdom of Italy, and who resided thereafter in Vienna, recognized by the Austrian Court as an Archduke of the House of Hapsburg. When Emperor Francis Joseph invited the then Prince of Wales to represent Great Britain at the opening of the International Exhibition of 1873, the ex-Duke of Modena lodged a protest, declaring that he alone, as the lawful king of England, was entitled to that honor. In reply to the argument that his rights had been annulled by the Act of Settlement of 1701, which vested succession to the crown in the Protestant House of Hanover, he denied the validity of the act, which, it is of importance to note, was passed by the British Parliament by a majority of only one vote out of 385. The Princess was born Archduchess of Austria-Este-Modena, July 2, 1849, and was christened Mary Theresa Henrietta Dorothea. She became the wife of Prince Louis on February 20, 1868, and they have had thirteen children, of whom twelve are living. Her father died in 1875. The Princess is descended in a direct line from Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, through James I., and the unfortunate Charles I., who lost his head as well as his crown. The Electress Sophia of Hanover, in whom the Act of Settlement vested the succession to the British throne, and from whom Edward VII. is descended, through George I. and his successors, came from a side branch of the royal line, and in legitimate right of succession stands more than 600 numbers down on the list of living persons who are included in the line and its branches. A curious averment made by the Jacobites, who are, of course, opponents of democracy in every form, is that if the Stuarts had not been deprived of their royal heritage George III. would not have become king, the American War of Independence would not have been waged, and what is to-day the Republic of the United States of America, would be, instead, a portion of the vast kingdom of Mary IV., Queen of England.

Incidental to this statement of the legitimate claims to the throne of England, mention must be made of the fact that Kaiser Wilhelm II. is reported to have held, at the time when the present Prince of Wales was likely to die without an heir, that in accordance with the principle of succession which gave the throne to Queen Victoria, instead of to her uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, the right of succession was vested in Queen Victoria's oldest child, the Princess Royal of England, who renounced her right when she married Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia; which renunciation, according to the Kaiser's alleged claim, did not affect his right of succession as her oldest child, but left him still in precedence of his uncle, the present king. The substantiation of such a claim would transfer the crown of England from the House of Hanover to the Hohenzollerns, and it would pass to the lineal descendants of the Kaiser, reverting to the Guelphs only in case of the Hohenzollern line dying out.

Next to claimants for the English throne the pretentions of those persons who assert their right to rule as monarchs in France are of interest to Americans, partly because of the ancient friendship existing between the two nations, but chiefly because France is a republic, like our own country. There are two recognized pretenders to the throne which the French people relegated to the list of extinct institutions when Napoleon III. lost his prestige through the disastrous consequences of the Franco-Prussian War, in 1870. One represents the House of Orleans, which maintained the same attitude toward the Second Empire which it has maintained toward the republics preceding and following the reign of Napoleon III. The other of the two represents the Bonapartist dynasty, twice driven from power by a popular sentiment arising from the humiliation brought upon France by the unsuccessful issue of foreign wars. There are two other claimants, who are scarcely to be considered, as neither has any following worthy of mention. One of these assumes the title of Duke of Anjon, and bases his pretence upon Bourbon descent. The other is the so-called Duke of Normandy, who, although engaged in the plebian occupation of a wine merchant in

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