Families from their Settlements, and transport them to France or elsewhere; I desire that you would be pleased to signify to 'em that it is probable if his Majesty had declared such an Intention I might have heard the same, but that I am persuaded there is no just Ground for this Jealousy;

Shirley to Newcastle, Nov. 1746.

Governor Knowles

informs me that

it will be necessary to drive all the French . . out of Accadie (Nova Scotia) in the spring, As the Sentiments, which I have taken the Liberty to offer

. happen to be something different from Mr. Knowles's, I think it may not only be proper, but my Duty to mention the Reasons of my prefering the scheme for attempting to make the present french Inhabitants good Subjects to his Majesty, and keeping 'em in the Country, to driving 'em off

Shirley to Newcastle, Febr. 1747.

And if your Grace would allow me the Freedom to offer my Sentiments concerning what appears to me to be farther necessary for putting this important Province of Nova Scotia (I think I may justly call it the most important to the Crown of any upon this Continent) in Security, -Parkman

-A Half-Century of Conflict, Vol. II. Appendix, pp. 324, 326, 529, 331.

French opinions of the value and extent of their possessions. M. de la Galissonniere, December, 1750.

We shall not speak of the naval expedition the enemy [England] might be able to make for the conquest of Canada.

But should they continue to increase the strength of their Colonies, and should the French Colonies not advance in the same proportion, 'tis not to be doubted but the former will soon be in a condition to lay Canada waste nearly to Montreal, and even to pillage the latter place, which would render the French as despicable in that country as they are now respected there, and terminate shortly in their entire ruin. [Then

names various fortifications to be constructed, as Quebec, Montreal, Ft. Frontenac &c to prevent this.] ..

What has been observed already in the course of this Memoir, when treating of the utility of Canada in regard to the preservation of Mexico, shows the absolute necessity of the free and certain communication from Canada to the Mississippi. This chain, once broken, would leave an opening of which the English would doubtless take advantage to get nearer the silver mines That of the River Oyo [Ohio], otherwise called the Beautiful river, is the most interesting in this relation... Neither have the English any ports there, nor did they come to that quarter to trade til the last war,

un

They have been summoned since the peace, to return, and if they do not do so, there is no doubt but the Governor of Canada will constrain them thereto by force,

They would [if they remained] possess more facilities to interrupt the communication between Canada and Louisiana, for the Beautiful river affords almost the only route for the conveyance from Canada to the River Mississippi, of detachments capable of securing that still feeble Colony. If the English ever become strong enough in America to dare to attempt the conquest of Mexico, it will be by this Beautiful river,

By it alone will they be able to attack, with any con siderable force, and any hope of success, the Illinois posts and all those which will be established along the River St. Louis, otherwise, Mississippi. establish posts on the Ohio]-New York Colonial Doc. nments. X, pp. 227, 230.

By Lonqueuil, 1752:

[Then

In fine, experience teaches us too well, that the En glish look with concupiscence both on the lands of the Beautiful river, and generally on all that vast country.... No remedy for our evils would have been more effectual than to drive the English from our lands. -New York Colonial Documents X, p. 251,.

Limits of English and French possessions, by Montcalm, 1758:

Lake Ontario, Lake Erie to France; the English cannot erect forts on these lakes, nor on any rivers emptying into them. The height of land, the natural boundary between France and England as far as the Ohio; thereby the Apalachies become the boundary for England; the Ohio to belong to France.

York Colonial Documents, X, 691.

New

Canada to be lost if the war continues, by Doreil, 1758.

War continuing, Canada would always finish by being taken sooner or later. We know, beyond a doubt that the Court of England, impelled by the frenzy of the nation, is resolved to invade it, at whatever cost. 'Tis, therefore, absolutely neces

sary,

to think only of making peace, without

being very particular about the boundaries. -New York Colonial Documents, X. 820.

Articles of capitulation for the surrender of Canada:

between their Excellencies General Amherst, and the Marquis de Vaudreuil . . Governor and Lieutenant-General for the King in Canada. Art. 1. The whole garrison of Montreal must lay down their arms, and shall not serve during the pres ent war. Immediately after signing the present capitulation, the King's troops shall take possession of the gates, and shall post the guards necessary to preserve good order in the town.

Art. 13. If before, or after, the embarkation of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, news of peace should arrive, and that by treaty, Canada should remain to his most Christian Majesty, the Marquis de Vaudreuil shall return to Quebec or Montreal; everything shall return to its former state under the dominions of his most Christian Majesty, and the present capitulation shall become null and of no effect.

Art. 27. The free exercise of the Catholic, Apostolic

and Roman religion shall subsist entire, in such manner that all the states and the people of the towns and countries, places and distant posts, shall continue to assemble in the churches, and to frequent the sacra ments as heretofore, without being molested in any manner, directly or indirectly

Art. 30. If by the treaty of peace, Canada should remain in the power of his Britannic Majesty his most Christian Majesty shall continue to name the Bishop of the colony who shall be of the Roman commission, and under whose authority the people shall execute the Roman Religion.

Art. 46. The inhabitants and merchants shall enjoy all the privileges of trade, under the same favors and conditions granted to the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, as well in the Upper countries as in the interior.

Art. 47. The Negroes of both sexes shall remain in their quality of slaves in the possession of the French and Canadians to whom they belong. [Signed Sept. 8, 1760.]-New York Colonial Documents, X. p. 1107-30.

The Boundaries of Canada.

to be surrendered to England.

Canada not to

By M. Dumas.

Commerce has changed the face of Europe; it is now evident that in the long run the more commercial nation will become the more powerful. We can no longer dispense with America without falling from our state of splendor. On the restitution of Canada depends the fate of the rest of our Colonies. These principles, clearer than the day, once admitted, that restitution [of Canada to France] ought to form the basis and foundation of the Treaty of Peace

I limit their [the ambassadors'] labors, respecting Canada to four general objects:

1st. The entire property of both shores of River and Gulf of St. Lawrence.

2nd. The property of the lakes and rivers which form the natural communications between Canada and Louisiana; they consist of Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and the Ohio.

3rd. That neither of the two Nations can form any establishments on the rivers watering the possessions of the other.

I have said, and repeat it, Louisiana cannot exist for us without Canada [Indicates certain boundaries, then says if these cannot be obtained] . . . 'tis more advantageous for France to promptly cede these two Colonies to the English,

The second object of the labor of our plenipotentiaries relative to Canada, regards the communication of that Colony with Louisiana Now that com.

.

munication can occur only by the Ohio;

To make the Ohio the boundary for the respective Colonies, is to surrender it entirely to the English. In fact, already the English population is advancing towards that river, it has only one step to take to clear the Apalachies, and that step would be taken the day after the signing of the treaty. The left bank of the Ohio would be under English cultivation in less than four years, whilst our population would not reach that point in the space of a century. Who does not see in that explanation the approaching and inevitable fall of Louisiana?

The entire possession of the Ohio cannot then be too much insisted on, the Apalachies constituting the limits:

I am fully convinced and every man of sense

will agree with me that all the resources of the state will never preserve Canada if the English once settle at the heads of the rivers. [1762]--New York

Colonial Documents, Vol. X, pp. 1134-7.

Conquests of the English. King's Speech

to Parliament, Nov. 25, 1762:

; Martinico and other islands in the West Indies, have been conquered; the Havannah, a place of the utmost importance to Spain is in my possession; Preliminary articles [of peace] have been signed by my minister, with those of France and Spain, which I will order in due time to be laid before you. The conditions of these are such, that there is not only an immense territory added to the Empire of Great