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THE

INVENTION OF

GUTENBERG: Was he the Inventor of Printing? An Historical Investigation embodying a Criticism on Dr. Van der Linde's " Gutenberg." By J. H. HESSELS. 8vo. (London, Quaritch, 1882.)

We have here, for the first time, a detailed criticism on all the documents, printed books, broadsides, etc., which have, rightly or wrongly, become connected with Gutenberg and the history of the Invention of Printing. Mr. Hessels tells us in his preface that, in his researches and the writing of his book, he has not been influenced by enthusiasm for one side or prejudice against another-his only aim has been to arrive at the truth." We do not find anything in his work which forbids us to accept this statement, and we have, moreover, an additional guarantee for the author's impartiality in the fact that his whole work passed, in the course of printing, under the eyes of Mr. Henry Bradshaw, the Cambridge University Librarian, to whom the book is dedicated, and who would, naturally, not have countenanced the work if he had suspected its being written under any prejudice.

It appears that we have twenty-three Gutenberg-documents, consisting of entries in registers, letters, notarial acts and briefs, contracts, etc., etc., ranging from the year 1424 to 1468. Of these Nos. 1, 13, and 17 must be regarded as forgeries of Prof. Bodmann; No. 6 (the breach of promise case) is a forgery to be ascribed to the Archivist Wencker or to Prof. Schoepflin; No. 9 (the relic of Gutenberg's press, said to have been discovered at Strassburg, and now preserved at Dresden) seems to be a clumsy forgery, the author of which cannot now be ascertained; No. 16 is a forged imprint to a copy of the Dialogues of Pope Gregory (printed at Strassburg about 1470 by Henr. Eggestein), intended to convey the impression that the book was printed by "Johann Guttenberg, at Strassburg, in the year 1458." The copy with this forged imprint of three lines is preserved at Wilton House, in the Library of the Earl of Pembroke. No. 20 is the famous rubric in a copy of the "Tractatus de celebratione missarum secundum frequentiorem cursum diocesis maguntinensis." The Tractatus itself could unquestionably be regarded as an early-printed book, but, in 1803, Fischer, the Librarian of Mentz, published a work in which he said that in the copy preserved in the Mentz Library, the rubricator bad written with red ink that this particular copy had been presented to the Carthusian Monastery near Mentz by its printers Johannes dictus a bono Monte (i.e. Joh. Gutenberg) and Johannes Nummeister, on the 19th of June, 1463. In some way or other this copy has disappeared. But the rubric, although some did not believe in it, was accepted by most people as genuine ; more especially as a Prognostication, or Kalendar, preserved in the Library at Darmstadt, and printed in the same type as the Tractatus, was said to be a Prognostication for the year 1460, and must therefore have been printed in 1459. Strange to say, this Prognostication, which Bernard could not find when he wrote his work, seems never to have been examined with the necessary attention, until Mr. Hessels visited Darmstadt in October, 1881, when he discovered at a glance that some of the Roman numerals in this Prognostication had been clumsily scratched out, and that it was in reality one for 1482, therefore printed in 1481. As Mr. Hessels found a few days afterwards, in the Library at Mentz, another work printed in the same type, written by Sebast. Brant (born at Strassburg in 1458), there is conclusive evidence that the rubric in the Tractatus is a forgery, and that it and the seven other books printed in the same type must be removed from the list of books hitherto ascribed to Gutenberg.

Number 22 is the entry of 2 Feb. (1468), in an Anniversary of the Dominican Church at Mayence (which had already been noticed by Gudenus in 1747, but not been applied by him to Johann Gutenberg, but) which Bockenheimer contended in 1876 was the record of Gutenberg's death. Dr. Schenk zu Schweinsberg, the Darmstadt Archivist, has since conclusively proved that this entry refers to a man who was dead in 1423, and might have been Gutenberg's grand-uncle, but was not Gutenberg himself. The place and date of Gutenberg's burial are, therefore, still uncertain.

The documents 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19 are evidences for Gutenberg's existence, but they furnish us with no information regarding the Invention of Printing.

Mr. Hessels has naturally devoted much attention to the three remaining documents from which we must gather all our information regarding Gutenberg as a mechanic or a printer; they are the Strassburg Lawsuit of 1439 (document No 7); the Notarial Instrument of the Mentz Lawsuit of 1455 (document No. 14); and Dr. Homery's Bond of 26 Feb. 1468 (document No. 23). Of the three Registers in which

PRINTING.

the Strassburg Lawsuit of 1439 had been recorded, nothing remains to enable us to judge as to their genuineness. One of the volumes was destroyed by the Revolutionists in 1793; the two others perished during the siege of Strassburg in 1870. The authenticity of the records has never been doubted by the Germans; but it is particularly unfortunate that we cannot subject the documents to a fresh and more minute examination, as Dr. Van der Linde, who otherwise believes in almost everything said in favour of Gutenberg, has lately suggested doubts as to a very material part of the lawsuit, just at a time when Mr. Hessels proves that Schoepflin and Wencker. the principal discoverers of the records, have undoubtedly had a hand in some of the forgeries or fictions referred to above.

Mr. Hessels has devoted no less than 40 pages to the Notarial Instrument of the Mentz Lawsuit of 1455. Though every author on the Invention of Printing speaks of an original of this Instrument, no trace of such an original ca be found at present, much less can we trace the original Register of the Mentz Franciscans in whose house the trul is said to have taken place. It would appear that Köhle (1741) had access to an authentic copy of the Instrumes (sometimes called the Helmasberger Instrument, from the notary who drew it up), but the text of Senckenberg (173) seems to have been derived from a transcript made abou 1621, by Johann Friedr Faust von Aschaffenburg, a Frack furt Patrician, who ascribed the honour of the Invention of Printing to Johann Fust, whom he called Johann Faust, and whom he claimed as his ancestor. From this transcript was als derived (through two later transcripts) Wolf's text, published in 1740.

Dr. Homery's Bond of 26th February, 1468, is the last document, and in connexion with it Mr. Hessels has given u a minute description of the books published by Friar, Heumann, at Mentz, from 1509 to 1512, and by the Fratre communis vitae at Marienthal from 1468 to 1474. It ha hitherto been alleged that Gutenberg, when he moved from Mentz to Eltville, transferred his printing-office to the latter place, and there allowed the Bechtermuntzes to use la materials; that the latter came into possession of Gutenberg's types after his death; that after the death of the Bechter muntzes these types came into possession of the Fratres of Marienthal, and were by them sold to Friedr. Heumann, 1 whose publications Helbig thought, in 1855, he discovered identical type with which the 36-line Bible was printed Gutenberg). Mr. Hessels had no difficulty in snapping chain of evidence for a so-called Gutenberg school till 1512. He proves that the types used by Heumann differed very materially from the 36-line Bible type; that the types used by the Fratres differed not only from the Heumann type, b also from the Bechtermuntze (ie. Gutenberg) type, and tha therefore, a continuance of Gutenberg's office through the several stages could not be accepted. The only point whe Mr. Hessels hesitates is whether the Catholicon of 1460 25 be ascribed to Gutenberg. If so, then we may accept 4 transfer of types from Gutenberg to the Bechtermuntres the Vocabularies Ex quo of 1467 and 1469 printed by latter are certainly printed in the Catholicon type, be present, there is no evidence to show that the Catholicn 1460 is not printed by Bechtermuntze.

Pages 150-181 are devoted to a minute description of al the products said to have been printed by Gutenberg. First comes the 31-line Indulgence of 1454 (types 1 and 2.4 broadside, of which Mr. Hessels describes four issues (one f 1455), showing their differences on a folding plate. Secon the books known to have been printed in type 1 (the Manu of 1455; the Kalendar for 1457; the Cisianus; three edition of Donatus; the 36-line Bible, and the books published b Pfister at Bamberg). Thirdly, the 30-line Indulgence of 1454 (types 3 and 4), of which two editions (the second being for 1455, and having two issues) are known. Thirdly, the books known to have been printed in type 3 (the 42-line Bible: the Donatus of 35 lines, with the name of Peter de gernsshern, i.e. P. Schoeffer; three other editions of Donatus; and a line Cantica ad matutinas). Fourthly, the Catholicon of 1460 (type 5), and three other works printed in the same type. Fifthly, an Indulgence of 1461, printed in the Catholicon type, with additions; it being noticed that the Catholicon type with these additions appears afterwards at Eltville, in the hands of Bechtermuntze. Sixthly, the Donatus of lines, to which the date 1451 is assigned, and which is printed in a type which is usually regarded as identical with that of the 36-line Bible, an opinion from which Mr. Hessels differs, We also find a description of the books printed by the