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September, 1883.

"No book-trade without science and literature." This was written in the Dutch booksellers' newspaper of February 19th, 1875, by one whose knowledge and opinions all his colleagues and every one who takes an interest in the book-trade highly value, though death took him from them. Fred. Muller said, "No book-trade without science and literature," and to prove his words he added: "Only compare the condition of the book-trade in our country before and after the foundation of the University of Leyden."

In the front of a house in Venice may be seen a marble tablet with an inscription to the memory of the renowned booksellers and printers who lived there, the Aldi; in the same manner the town of Leyden could place an inscription on many a house front: here lived Plantyn, here van der Aa, here Elzevier, here Luchtmans, besides others, all printers and booksellers, famous through the whole civilized world for their art and their extensive trade.

as

A history of the Leyden printers and booksellers is still to be written, just as is that of the Leyden painters. He, who has the time and talent to do it may command success, plenty of materials are to be found, though somewhat scattered; and such an account, carefully treated and written with taste, would possess great literary interest. We wish to chronicle a few historical facts, connected one with the other, beginning at the end of the sixteenth century and coming down to the present day.

The opportunity to do this is given by the inauguration of the new printing and publishing establishment of the firm E. J. Brill (A. P. M. van Oordt and F. de Stoppelaar), on the canal of the old Rhine, at Leyden. Though it is impossible to speak about the connexion between that firm and the older ones that have preceded it since the sixteenth century, as if it was an inheritance, yet nobody who consults history can overlook the historical line: Elzevier, Luchtmans, Brill. The Leyden branch of the Elzevier firm was dissolved in 1712, exactly at the time when old Samuel Luchtmans began to develop his greatest power; and when the last male descendant of this name died in the beginning of the nineteenth century, the elder Brill was already the manager of the firm. In that condition he remained for forty years; and when the firm of Luchtmans was dissolved, the business was continued, though modified, by the youngest E. J. Brill, under his own name. He died, however, after a few years, and in the year 1872 Mr. van Oordt and Mr. de Stoppelaar continued the business under the same name.

was

Alphonse Willems published an excellent book, Les Elzevier. Histoire et Annales Typographiques," in 1880, exactly three centuries after Louis Elzevier, born at Louvain, had established himself at Leyden, after having tried his luck in vain in several places in Belgium and Germany. He arrived there in 1580, and when he died in 1617, the reputation of the firm was, notwithstanding many great misfortunes, secured. And no wonder indeed! With a man of such natural genius, activity, and character, assisted by a partner like Chr. Plantyn, and afterwards by his clever sons Matthys, the oldest, and Bonaventura, the youngest, success certain. At his death, however, he could not foresee the future of the firm. Two of his sons, Louis and Gilles, went by his own wish to the Hague, and another one, Josse. to Utrecht, to carry on the same business in those places. The partnership of the son of Matthys, Abraham, with his youngest uncle Bonaventura-that long period of success, profit, glory, and honour-began after his death, and his grandson and namesake, who was to found the firm at Amsterdam, was then hardly thirteen. When reading the biography of Louis, the founder of the famous firm, and witnessing so to say his struggle and his cares, one is almost tempted to wish that he might have possessed the superhuman gift of looking into the future and so enjoying the great success of his firm under the management of his nearest descendants. But knowing the history of after-days, you would reject that wish as inconsiderate, for in that case he would have seen, too, how soon the flourishing state of the firm was followed by its decay, how, hardly a century after his own death, only a few years after its highest glory, his great-grandson Abraham left at his death a printing office that had become the contempt and mockery of his colleagues, and an offence to the scientific world, and also a neglected book business. When the last Elzevier died, more than one printer and bookseller of good fame wished to fill his vacant place in the Corporation, and especially in connection with the University. Probably the first who

succeeded was Pieter van der Aa, a man whose merits were acknowledged not only in his own, but even in foreig countries. At least he became printer of the University, published many folio volumes, and was appointed Knight f St. Marcus by the Doge of that Venice where the memory of the Aldi still lived. When he died another printer Lal already distinguished himself so as to be on the level with, if not above him. This was Samuel Luchtmans, a son Jordaan Luchtmans, who, coming from Woudrichem, had established a printing office at Leyden. The end that der Aa could not gain, notwithstanding his personal merita, by some unknown reasons and by his early death, to fo a firm, a bookseller's, and a printing office, that might gain as good a reputation as that of the Elzeviers in their happiest time, was reserved for the elder Samuel Luchtmans. In the Dutch Booksellers' Newspaper, 1875, No. 14, Fred. Maler calls Luchtmans the most glorious name in the book-trade of the Netherlands, and the account of that firm which gave himself in another periodical of the book-trade a the same year is quite sufficient to justify his high opinion. He found his information for the most part in the "Bilderbe zur Geschichte des Bücherhandels," etc., of Heinrich Lenpertz (Coln, 1853-65), and he could not have used a better guide. The article about the firm of Luchtmans in this work was written by Mr. Bodel Nyenhuis, who had been educated in Leyden, though born at Amsterdam, and whe the male line had become extinct, as a descendant of the female line, he had a share in the firm till about 1850.

About the first Luchtmans, Jordaan, who was a Printer and Bookseller, we have spoken already. Born at Woudriche, he established in 1683 his printing office at Leyden, and vien he died he left it in a flourishing condition to his only son Samuel. This son became in the year 1730 Printer for the Town and the University, and saw the work of many years rewarded by success. His sons Samuel and Johannes sac ceeded him, and from 1756-1850 the name of the firm S. and J. Luchtmans was well known and highly bred After S. and J. Luchtmans, and during the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century, a new generation accepted the business, but, when the male line beame extinct, fortunately for the relations, especially for Mr. Bodel Nyenhuis, Mr. Jan Brill was already for some years the clever manager of the firm. For though Mr. Bole. Nyenhuis influenced the course of the business, and now and then assisted in it, his time was filled more and more by extensive and famous collection of books, engravings, and maps, and he left the management for the greater part w Mr. Brill. To this clever and honest manager the business could well be trusted. It was he, indeed, who reigned the for forty years, and it was not before 1846 he took a we deserved repose.

Now, however. the great question arose, what was to become of the old, famous, and still flourishing firm? The negoc tions that were opened with several printers and bookselle proved without success; so the firm was dissolved and stock was sold by auction. But one man remained, wh established himself at once under his own name, when the firm disappeared; that man was Mr. J. E. Brill, son of t manager of the late firm, who had been trained by his father, but was endowed with a very independent judgment; by his own merits, and for his father's sake, he had a right to the old connexions of the Luchtmans, and he was much too clever to abandon them; but yet he chose a career that was partially new. He wished to limit himself to a part of the trade. He was very happy in his choice, and in a few years obtained so much glory and profit as to be quite satiated about the result of his work, though he did not long enjy it, as he died suddenly in 1871.

Again the question arose who should accept the inherit ance? for, as with the Luchtmans years ago, when there was no descendant of the family to enter upon the old firm (b the first and second marriage of Mr. Bodel Nyenhuis h been childless); so now, no relative of Mr. E. J. Brill showed a wish to succeed him. In 1872 the business was sold. and Mr. A. P. M. van Oordt and Mr. F. de Stoppelaar became the proprietors.

It was an important undertaking. In the first place a large capital was needed, and they could rely upon it that if it flourished, much more capital would be required. Bat though they might be able to meet these claims at once, another and greater difficulty remained. The busines attracted them, but neither of the two had been trained

either as booksellers or printers. Some anxiety, it is not to be denied, can be discovered therefore in the words in which Fred. Muller addresses them in the article we mentioned already, and in his warning, "Noblesse oblige." Fred. Muller had the right to give such a warning, but we must not forget to tell how that same man, with his characteristic severe face, knew not only how to warn, but how to praise his young colleagues as soon as he found something praiseworthy. He announced the splendid editions of several works published by the firm, E. J. Brill, in honour of the third jubilee of the Leyden University in 1875. In a little corner, in a note and printed with small characters, he gave his remarks; but he wrote an encouraging and friendly article. Mr. van Oordt and Mr. de Stoppelaar entered upon the business with a will, and have been going on now ten years already. At the same time they would willingly grant the fact that in more than one respect they have been very fortunate. Without derogating in the least from the knowledge acquired by them in the trade by their activity, tradition, when speaking about the success of Elzevier and Luchtmans, may take into consideration the persons with whom they were connected, and the circumstances under which they worked, and in after days it may give a similar account of the firm of Brill in our time.

In this article it is impossible to give a list of the names of all authors and scholars, from our own and foreign countries, whose works were published by Elzevier. Even from Leyden we may only mention a few names, but when we remember how the works of Scaliger and Salmasius, Dan. and Nic. Heinsius. Scriverius and Baudius, Gronovius, de Dieu, Burgersdicius, etc., etc., were published and printed by this firm, we must grant it to have been a very happy fate that brought them in connexion with such authors. And Luchtmans was not less fortunate. P. Burmannus, Abr. Gronovius, Oudendorp, Valckenaar, Ruhnkenius, Wytenbach, Bake, Peerlkamp, and others, all Leyden scholars and professors, whose works prove by their title-page to be published by the firm S. and J. Luchtmans. Moreover the firm of Elzevier enjoyed not only the privilege of being able to enter upon the Oriental printing office, founded by Professor Erpenius, they had in Christoffel van Dyck a stamp- and type-cutter of uncommon skill. In this particular too the firm Luchtmans had a great success. The clergyman of the German Church, existing since the year 1648 at Leyden, Johannes Muller, invented stereotype-printing about 1700; and facts and dates prove that this new method of printing was first applied by the Luchtmans.

When in 1872 Mr. van Oordt and Mr. de Stoppelaar entered upon the business and firm of E. J. Brill, the way for printing and publishing Oriental works was opened to them. By his own wish their predecessor had limited his work for the most part to that and Dutch philology and literature. The well-known Warnerian Legacy that belongs to the Library of the Leyden University has been, since the last part of the seventeenth century, a rich treasure, and the newly awakened and increasing interest in Dutch philology and literature proved a wide field for activity. Mr. Brill had already published some works of English, German, and Dutch Orientalists, and through his brother, Professor W. G. Brill, he had an opportunity of publishing several works on Dutch philology and literature.

Mr. van Oordt and Mr. de Stoppelaar not only continued these connexions, but endeavoured to extend them.

When speaking about the works published by the firms Elzevier and Luchtmans, we thought it best to limit the account to Leyden only. So we did not mention that Luchtmans was one of the printers and publishers of Bayle's Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, or the Archives de la maison d'Orange Nassau," by Groen van Prinsterer. now propose to give a somewhat more copious list of Brill's publications.

We

Of all the works of the late Prof. Dozy, that were published by the firm of Brill since 1872, we only mention the "Supplement aux Dictionnaires Arabes," and to give some notion of the size of this work we may say that it contains 250 sheets of letterpress in large quarto. In the first place thereafter we must mention the Arabian Annals of Tabari, that are published in a series of volumes of about 320 pages each. To give some idea of the value of this gigantic undertaking, it is necessary to mention how only by the most untiring zeal and clever investigations Professor de Goeje succeeded in collecting a complete manuscript of these annals from different parts of the world, and how with him and under his superintendence eleven of the most famous Orientalists of Europe are contributing to that edition. Professor Kern published with the firm an edition of an old Javanese didactic poem in Kawi language, and they publish the Madura Grammar and Anthology of Professor Vreede, and in the description of the

expedition to Sumatra, the first specimen of the Randjou characters. Moreover, Mr. van Oordt and Mr. de Stoppelaar are printers and publishers for Spitta Bey, till lately at Cairo, for the Count of Noer in Holstein, and for the well-known Swedish traveller Landberg who is collecting materials for his work on the north of Africa. Already at the Congress of Orientalists, held at St. Petersburg in 1877, they worthily assisted the Dutch scholars, and what they did for the same Congress at Leyden this year is well known.

Professor Kern published his edition of Aryabhata in the Sanscrit language through this firm, and the remarkable work of Dr. Speyer, a syntax of that language, will be published by them. Professor Cobet too, continued his connexion with the old firm, and Messrs. van Oordt and de Stoppelaar publish his philological critical works, "Miscellanea Critica," and the "Variae Lectiones," etc., and the text of the Grecian and Latin authors treated by him. They publish also the Periodical Mnemosyne, in which Cobet and the Rector of the Leyden Gymnasium, Dr. van der Mey, collect the articles of several scholars and professors on Grecian and Latin Philology. To make a transition before speaking about some editions on Dutch literature and philology, we may mention how several scholars published at the same printing office historical studies, for example, some remarkable volumes about the history of the church and bibliography from the pen of Dr. Sepp, and assisted by the Society of Literature at Leyden, a third edition of the Remembrances from the time of King William of Coenraad Droste, newly edited and enriched with a volume of most valuable notes by Professor Fruin. Moreover, all that was published by the Leyden Society of Literature was printed by the firm of Brill. We may also mention Maerlant and Seghelyn of Jerusalem, by Professor Verdam, and it is easily understood that the Utrecht Professor Brill trusts a great part of what flows from his pen to be published by the successors of his father and brother. Dr. te Winkel, when he treated Jacob of Maerlant's Story of Torec, and Dr. van Vloten, when he treated that of Merlyn, did the same. Moreover, Brill publishes the Periodical on Dutch_philology and literature of which the Professors de Vries, Joncbloet, Kern, Cosyn, and Verdam are the editors. At the same time we must not forget to mention the works of modern so-called belletristical authors, the fifth edition of Jonathan's Truth and Dreams, and the names of Holliday, Heldring, and Hering. The importance of the firm of Brill for literature and science will be admitted even after this incomplete survey, and yet we have still to point out a very remarkable portion of the business.

in Chinese text with a French translation, and the first part of his Chinese and Dutch Dictionary. Mr. Vissering published at their establishment his work, "On Chinese Currency, Coin, and Paper money," and merchants may remember that through this firm, they can not only advertise in the Chinese Newspapers, but may obtain here tickets for goods that are to be offered for sale in that country, recommending them to the Chinese public in their own language. The edition of the works of the late Professor Hoffmann, on Japanese language and literature, are continued, and how much is already done, and still going on, can be proved by the account of Mr. Serrurier, "Something about Japan.'

The firm has not been idle, and Messrs. van Oordt and de Stoppelaar hope that zealous development of their work will prove the best means of securing success. They never shrink, as we have shown, from publishing works when such works seem beset with difficulties, as by adding maps, engravings, etc. Dr. Leemans, the Director of the Museum of Antiquities, continues his edition of Egyptian Monuments, etc., and Dr. Pleyte, the Conservator of the same Museum, his Egyptian Studies, the last, too, his Dutch Antiquities. Dr. Leemans also published with them his work about BôrôBoedoer at Java, and the honourable words I mentioned already from Fred. Muller in the Newspaper of the Booktrade were called forth by the publication of the work of Mr. Pleyte, Leyden 300 Years Ago and Now."

Besides these Messrs. van Oordt and de Stoppelaar publish works on Natural History. Amongst them the "Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar," etc., from the discoveries of Pollen and van Dam, treated by themselves and other scholars. "Les Pédiculines," by Piaget, one volume of text, another of engravings; the works on Spiders, by de Graaf; on Butterflies, by Snellen: and the Director of the Museum of Zoology,

Prof. H. Schlegel, continues his work, "Revue méthodique et critique des collections, déposées dans cet établissement." Prof. Martin made known to the scientific world the results of his geological study; "die Tertiärschichten auf Java, nach den Entdeckungen von Fr. Yunghuhn," through this firm, while Selenka and Hoffman publish with them the "Niederländisches Archiv für Zoologie.'

Many a work of great importance we have not mentioned, many an author we have passed over. It would be impossible to speak about all that was published by the firm during the ten years that Messrs. van Oordt and de Stoppelaar have been the proprietors. They have lately removed from the Rapenburg to the canal of the old Rhine, from the old ugly office to a comfortable, spacious, and strong building.

About a century ago the edifice was built in behalf of the Orphan-house of the Dutch Protestant Parish, and was a sidewing, on the canal of the old Rhine of that building, on the street that leads to St. Pancras Church. By a change of circumstances, and by a better arrangement for the treatment of Orphans, the Guardians were able to let this wing on fair conditions to the firm of Brill. There were carpenters, painters, and masons employed, as many changes had to be made; though the building may not excel by its architectural beauty, the walls are strong, and the stories are laid as if destined to bear heavy burdens. Downstairs you enter through the door in the third division, counted from the right side, into the packing room, the entrance in the fifth division still remaining of the first building is now an outlet for the

workmen, compositors and printers, etc.; and the great space that remains downstairs is filled by store-rooms for all that belongs to the trade; there is also a room to wet the paper, and two lifts to hoist heavy burdens, one indoors, one outside in the courtyard, that lies on the left side of the building, behind the small house next to the main entrance where the porter lives. Moreover, downstairs, just beneath the printing office, can be placed the gas-engine that is to work the presses.

On the first story at the front is the office of the firm. Behind it are the compositors' workrooms and the printing office, except that for Chinese and Japanese work.

A story higher still, you find at the street side the saleroom, with a room for exposition next to it. On the same story just above the great printing office, that for Chinese and Japanese work is to be found, and there is, moreover, a store room for articles that must be kept near at hand: the rest of these, and the collection of ancient books occupy the whole third story, and above it still is a loft that stretches over the whole building.

The whole arrangement does honour to the architect Mr. Mulder.

And these are the new premises where the firm of Bril now continue their business. May we not wish them pesperity and good luck? For the town of Leyden it is of great local importance that such a firm flourishes. W. P. WOLTERS.

Leyden, October, 1883.

The Middle Kingdom.-A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants. By S. WELLS WILLIAMS, LL.D., Professor of the Chinese Language and Literature at Yale College, etc. Revised edition, with Illustrations and a New Map of the Empire. 2 Vols. (London, W. H. Allen & Co., 1883.)

IT is now thirty-five years since the first edition of the Middle Kingdom was published. Our information about China was at that date not so much scanty as it was inexact. Indeed, the interval now closed by the publication of the work under review has been filled up less by new and startling revelations as to the details of political, social, and religious life in China, than by corrections of long-standing and utterly erroneous conclusions drawn from premisses of themselves accurate in the main.

The Middle Kingdom of thirty-five years ago was a supreme effort of scissors and paste to bring together within an available compass all that was then best calculated to satisfy public desire in regard to a comprehensive knowledge of China and the Chinese. It was without a rival, and took its place forthwith as a standard work. It was to be seen upon the shelves of every one who showed any interest in Anglo-Chinese literature. Unfortunately its author (or rather editor) was but scantily gifted with literary power. He wholly failed to invest his collection of facts with that fire of expression which, in the hands of a master, makes the driest chronicles comparatively easy of assimilation. thus it happened that while everybody admitted the Middle Kingdom to be a great work, many a second volume remained permanently uncut. Further, Dr. Williams, then plain Mr. Williams, was a missionary printer; and of course his pages, alike in his own utterances and in those of the authorities cited by him, were coloured by religious bias. Here, however, we may conveniently pass from the first to the new and revised edition now lying open before us.

And

The Middle Kingdom consists of two handsome volumes of 836 and 775 pages respectively. The whole work has been divided into twenty-six chapters, dealing with the

1. General Divisions and Features of the Empire.
2. Geographical Description of the Eastern Provinces.
3. Geographical Description of the Western Provinces.
4. Geographical Description of Manchuria, Mon-
golia, etc.

5. Population and Statistics.

6. Natural History of China.

7. Laws and Government of China.

8. Administration of the Laws.

9. Education and Literary Examinations.

10. Structure of the Chinese Language. 11. Classical Literature.

12. Polite Literature.

13. Architecture, Dress, and Diet. 14. Social Life.

15. Industrial Arts.

16. Science.

17. History and Chronology. 18. Religion.

19. Christian Missions.

20. Commerce.

21. Foreign Intercourse with China. 22. First War with England.

23. Progress and Results of the War with England, 24. Tai-ping Rebellion.

25. Second War with England.

26. Recent Events in China.

As a bill of fare, the above is appetising enough; but the dishes are spoilt in the serving.

Omitting for the moment any mention of the preface, we find that before allowing us to enter upon Chapter I.. Dr. Williams provides a note on the "system of pronunciation" adopted, in which he concludes that his own mode of writing the names of places "seems to offer the easiest pronunciation." Opinions may differ on that point, but there can be no two opinions as to the wisdom of disguising such well-known Treaty ports as Foochow and Chefoo by writing them Fulchas and Chifu. Neither will Dr. Williams be acquitted in 1883 for perpetuating Morrisonian inaccuracies of sixty years since in leaving out the aspirates from words like tsi (wife) and tsich (concubine) as on p. 238 of Vol. II., et alt. passim. We have hinted above that literary execution was not to be locked for in these volumes. A single instance (p. xiv) will suffice to show what is meant :-"There is no more for China the repose of indolence and seclusion-when she looked down on the nations in her overweening pride like the stars with which she could have no concern.'

What we may leniently denominate minor blunders abound in this revised edition of the Middle Kingdom. It will only be fair to give a few examples. On page 343 (Vol. I.) it is stated that the ki-lin (sic, without aspirate) appears when wise kings or sages "are born." This should be "are in power," as any one would know who had studied the exceptional appearance of that creature as related in the Tso Chuan. On p. 394 we read "Pi hia, beneath the footstool," is a sycophantic compellation used by his courtiers, as if they were only worthy of being at the edge of his footstool." In his Syllabic Dictionary (1874) the same expression is lucidly explained as "under the steps, where officers stand to hear