street was sent into East Tennessee. On his march towards Knoxville he captured several detachments of Federal troops, and then began a siege of the town. On the 29th of November he made an attempt to carry Knoxville by assault, but was repulsed with heavy losses. General Grant looked with the greatest solicitude to the situation of affairs in East Tennessee, and as soon as Bragg retreated from Chattanooga sent General Sherman to the relief of Knoxville. As the latter drew near Longstreet prudently

retired into Virginia.

The Confederates had in the meantime resumed activities in Arkansas and southern Missouri. Early in 1863 strong forces under Generals Marmaduke and Price entered this region of country, and on the 8th of January attacked the city of Springfield. Their assault, however, was repulsed with considerable losses to the assailants. Three days afterwards another battle was fought at the town of Hartsville, with like results. On the 26th of April Marmaduke made an attack on Cape Girardeau, on the Mississippi, but was for the third time repelled. On the 4th of July General Holmes, with an army of about eight thousand men, made an attack on Helena, Arkansas, but was defeated with a loss of one-fifth of his forces. It was on the 13th of August in this year that the town of Lawrence, Kansas, was sacked and burned and a hundred and forty persons killed by a band of guerillas led by a chieftain called Quantrell. On the 10th of September General Steele reached Little Rock, Arkansas, captured the city, and restored the national authority in the State.

The greatest raid of the year, and perhaps of the war, was that of the Confederate General John Morgan. That officer, at the head of a cavalry force three thousand strong, started northward from the town of Sparta, Tennessee, for an in

vasion of Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. While passing through the first-named State he gathered strength, so that his force on reaching the Ohio River was formidable. He crossed at a place called Brandenburg and began his march through Indiana to the north and east. The home guards of that State turned out; but the movements of Morgan were so rapid that it was difficult to check his progress. He was resisted seriously at Corydon, and a large force of Federals under General Hobson pressed hard after him as he made his way in a circuit through the southeastern part of the State. He crossed the Ohio line at the town of Harrison and passed to the north of Cincinnati. By this time, however, State troops began to swarm around the raiders, and the latter attempted to regain the Ohio River. There they were confronted by gunboats and turned back. The forces of Morgan melted away under pressure and constant fighting, until he came to the town of New Lisbon, Ohio, where he was surrounded and captured by the brigade of General Shackelford. The Confederate leader was imprisoned in the Ohio penitentiary; but he succeeded in making his escape from that place, fled to Kentucky, and finally reached Richmond.

In the meantime minor but important operations had been carried forward along the seacoast. On the first day of 1863 General Marmaduke captured Galveston, Texas, thus securing for the Confederate States a much-needed port of entry. On the 7th of April Admiral Dupont, with a fleet of ironclads and monitors, made a descent on Charleston, but was driven back from the city. In the latter part of June the effort was renewed in conjunction with a land force under command of General Q. A. Gilmore. The Federal army gained a lodgment on Folly and Morris Islands, where batteries were planted bearing on Forts Sumter and Wagner. On the 18th of July an assault was made on Fort

Wagner, but the Federals were repulsed with a loss of more than fifteen hundred men. Early in September the Confederates evacuated Wagner and Battery Gregg, whence they retired into Charleston. Gilmore, acting in conjunction with Admiral Dahlgren, was able to plant batteries within four miles of the city. The lower part of Charleston was bombarded and one side of Fort Sumter pounded into powder. The fort, however, could not be taken, and the only present gain to the Federals was the establishment of a blockade so complete as to seal up the port of Charleston. During this interval the Army of the Potomac had had its share of vicissitude and battle. After the repulse at Fredericksburg, General Burnside resigned the command, and was superseded by General Joseph Hooker. The latter advanced in the after part of April, crossed the Rappahannock and the Rapidan and reached Chancellorsville. Here, on the evening of the 2d of May, he was attacked by the Army of Northern Virginia, under command of Lee and Jackson. The latter general, at the head of twenty-five thousand men, succeeded by extraordinary daring in outflanking the Union army, and swept down like a thunder-blast upon the right wing, dashing everything to destruction as he came. But it was the last of Stonewall's battles. As night came

on and ruin seemed to impend over the Federal army, the Confederate leader, in the confusion of the scene, received a volley from his own lines, and fell mortally wounded. He lingered a week, and died at Guinea Station, leaving a gap in the Confederate ranks never to be filled.

The Union right wing was rallied and restored. On the morning of the 3d the Confederates were checked in their career of victory. General Sedgwick, who had attempted to reinforce Hooker at Fredericksburg, was attacked and driven across the Rappahannock. The Union army was forced into a comparatively small space between Chancellors

ville and the river, where it remained in the utmost peril until the evening of the 5th, when Hooker succeeded in withdrawing his forces to the northern bank. The Union losses amounted to about seventeen thousand, while those of the Confederates were hardly five thousand in number. At no time during the war did the Union cause appear to a greater disadvantage in the East than after the disastrous battle of Chancellorsville.

It was at this period that General Stoneman conducted his successful cavalry raid into Virginia. His movement was coincident with that of Hooker to Chancellorsville. On the 29th of April, Stoneman, crossing the Rappahannock, tore up the Virginia Central railway and pushed ahead to the Chickahominy. He succeeded in cutting Lee's communications, swept around within a few miles of Richmond, and on the 8th of May recrossed the Rappahannock in safety. Another event serving to mitigate the Union disasters at Chancellorsville was the successful defense of Suffolk, on the Nansemond River, by General Peck against the siege conducted by General Longstreet.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE Confederates were greatly elated with their successes on the Rappahannock, and General Lee determined upon a counter-invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania. In the first week of June he crossed the Potomac with his whole army and captured Hagerstown. On the 22d of the month he reached Chambersburg, and then pressed on through Carlisle, in the direction of Harrisburg. The invasion produced the greatest excitement. The militia of Pennsylvania was hurriedly called out, and volunteers by the thousand poured in from other States. General Hooker threw forward the Army of the Potomac to confront his antagonist. It became evident that a great and decisive battle was at hand.

General Lee concentrated his forces near the village of Gettysburg, capital of Adams County, Pennyslvania, and the Union army was likewise gathered on the highlands beyond the town. On the very eve of battle the command of the Federal forces was transferred from General Hooker to General George G. Meade-a dangerous experiment in the face of so overwhelming a contingency. Meade drew up his army through the hill-country in the direction of Gettysburg. After two years of indecisive though bloody warfare, it now seemed that the fate of the war, and possibly of the American republic, was to be staked on the issue of a single battle.

On the morning of the 1st of July the Union advance under Generals Reynolds and Beauford, moving out west