like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled; but if the United States, in Congress assembled, shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any State should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such State, unless the Legislature of such State shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared, and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled.

6. The United States, in Congress assembled, shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same, nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States in Congress assembled.

7. The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings. monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State, on any question, shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several States.

ART. 10. The committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States, in Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest

them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine States, in the Congress of the United States assembled, is requisite.

ART. 11. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this Union: but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.

ART. 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.

ART. 13. Every State shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.

And whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, Know ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained. And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which by the said confederation are submitted to them; and that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the Union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, in Congress.

Done at Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in the third year of the Independence of America.

56. LORD NORTH'S PROPOSALS FOR CONCILIATION, 1778

The capture of Burgoyne's army in October of 1777 made it inevitable that Great Britain would offer her utmost concessions to draw the colonies back to their allegiance and that France would hasten negotiations for an alliance to confirm the United States in its struggle for independence. Lord North announced his intention of offering his utmost concessions December 10, 1777, but he did not introduce the bills which follow, until February 17, 1778. By that time the French alliance was an accomplished fact and America was committed to the struggle for its independence.

The acts are found in Pickering, Statutes at Large, Vol. 32, pp. 3-6. Cambridge, 1778.

CAP. XI.

WHEREAS the province of the Massachusets Bay had for many years been governed under a charter, granted by their late majesties King William and Queen Mary: and whereas an act, passed in the fourteenth year of his present Majesty's reign, intituled An act for the better regulating the government of the province of the Massachusets Bay in New England, has been found to create great uneasiness in the minds of the inhabitants of the said province,.. be it enacted by... this present parliament... That,.. the said act, of the fourteenth year of the reign of his present Majesty, be, and the same is hereby repealed.

CAP. XII.

An act for removing all doubts and apprehensions concerning taxation by the parliament of Great Britain... in North America and the West Indies; and for repealing so much of an act,.. as imposes a duty on tea imported from Great Britain into any colony... in America...

WHEREAS taxation by the parliament of Great Britain, for the purpose of raising a revenue in his Majesty's colonies, provinces, and plantations, in North America, has been found to experience great uneasinesses and disorders among his Majesty's faithful subjects...and .. in order... to remove the said uneasinesses ... it is hereby declared and enacted by... this present parliament... That... after the passing of this act, the King and parliament of Great Britain will not im

pose any duty, tax, or assessment whatever... in North America or the West Indies; except only such duties as it may be expedient to impose for the regulation of commerce; the net produce of such duties to be ... applied to... the use of the colony... in which the same shall be respectively levied... as other duties collected by the authority of the... assemblies, of such colonies... are ordinarily paid and applied.

II. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That, from and after the passing of this act, so much of an act, made in the seventh year of his present Majesty's reign... as imposes a duty on tea imported from Great Britain into any colony or plantation in America, or has relation to the said duty, be, and the same is hereby repealed.

CAP. XIII.

An act to enable his Majesty to appoint commissioners... to treat .. upon the means of quieting the disorders now subsisting in certain of the colonies, plantations, and provinces of North America.

FOR the quieting and extinguishing of divers jealousies and apprehensions of danger to their liberties and rights, which have alarmed many of his Majesty's subjects in the colonies, provinces, and plantations of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pensylvania, the three lower counties on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; and for a full manifestation of the just and gracious purposes of his Majesty, and his parliament, to maintain and secure all his subjects in the clear and perfect enjoyment of their liberties and rights; be it enacted by... this present parliament assembled,.. That it shall ...be lawful for his Majesty... to authorise... five.. persons, or any three of them, to treat... with any body... politick... or with any assembly... or with any person... whatsoever... concerning any grievances, or complaints of grievances, existing, or supposed to exist, in the government of any of the ... said colonies... or in the laws and statutes of this realm respecting the same; and... concerning any aid or contribution to be furnished by any of the said colonies... for the common defence of this realm, and the dominions thereunto belonging; and... concerning any other regulations, provisions, matters, and things, necessary or convenient for the honour of his Majesty, and his parliament, and for the common good of all his subjects.

II. Provided... That no regulation... so proposed... shall have any other force... than is herein-after mentioned... until the same shall have been confirmed by parliament.

III. Provided also... That in order to facilitate the good purposes of this act, his Majesty may lawfully enable the said commissioners... to order... a cessation of hostilities, on the part of his Majesty's forces...and such order... to revoke... in the same manner...

IV-VI. ...it shall... be lawful for his Majesty... to authorise ... the said commissioners... to suspend the operation... of a certain act of parliament... for prohibiting all trade and intercourse with certain colonies... it shall... be lawful for his Majesty... to authorise... the said commissioners... to suspend... the operation and effect of any act... of parliament which have passed since the tenth day of February, one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three, and which relate to any of his Majesty's said colonies, provinces, or plantations in North America... it shall... be lawful for his Majesty... to authorise... the said commissioners... to grant a pardon or pardons to any number or description of persons within the said colonies, provinces, or plantations...

57. TREATY OF ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE, 1778

France had watched the revolution with a most profound interest from the beginning. Her policy hesitated between a desire to use American independence to humiliate her old rival, England, and her fear that the colonies might make up their quarrel with Great Britain, leaving France face to face with her old rival. The news of Burgoyne's defeat compelled the French to act and the Treaty of Alliance was completed February 6, 1778. It is the only political alliance in which the United States has ever been concerned.

Public Statutes at Large of the United States, Vol. 8, pp. 7-10. Boston 1855.

TREATY OF ALLIANCE.

THE Most Christian King and the United States of North America, to wit: New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia, having this day concluded a treaty of Amity and Commerce, for the reciprocal advantage of their subjects and citizens, have thought it necessary to take into consideration the means of strengthening those engagements, and of rendring them useful to the safety and tranquility of the two parties; particularly in case Great Britain, in resentment of that connection and of the good correspondence which is the object of the said