JACOB CHICKERING, 300 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON, Has recently invented new machines for manufacturing PIANO-FORTES, by which he is able to make those instruments in the most perfect manner, and with far greater rapidity than they have been made heretofore. He has spared neither labor nor expense in establishing one of the first STEAM-MILLS in the country for their manufacture, the steam used affording increased facilities for the seasoning of stock, which is done in a most thorough manner. He is now able to supply orders at wholesale or retail. Persons wishing for Piano-fortes of the first class, warranted to give entire satisfaction, are invited to call and examine his instruments, or send their orders, which will be punctually attended to. British Commercial Life Insurance Company, LONDON AND AMERICA. OFFICE No. 65 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. ESTABLISHED 1820. CAPITAL $3,000,000, WITH A LARGE ACCUMULATED SURPLUS. New York Referees-His Excellency Hamilton Fish, late Governor of the State of New York; Anthony Barclay, Esq., H. B. M. Consul; Stephen Whitney, Esq., James Gallatin, Esq. Samuel Wetmore, Esq., Henry Grinnell, Esq., Hon. Judge Campbell, John Cryder, Esq., J. Phillips Phenix, Esq., John H. Hicks, Esq. Medical Examiners.-John C. Cheesian, M. D., 473 Broadway; F. U. Johnston M. D., 28 East Fourteenth Street. GEO. M. KNEVITT, General Agent for the United States. Monarch Fire Insurance Co., of London, ESTABLISHED IN 1835. OFFICE No. 4 BROAD STREET, NEW YORK. Subscribed Capital and Surplus Fund, $2,000,000, SPECIAL FUND, $150,000, Held by New York Trustees to meet Losses. LOSSES ADJUSTED IN NEW YORK AND PROMPTLY PAID. Resident Secretary and General Agent, No. 4 Broad St., N. Y. The Providence Washington Insurance Co, AT PROVIDENCE, R. I. Chartered, 1787. Capital, $200,000, all paid in (in cash) and securely invested. Take risks against Fire on application at their office in Providence; and on Merchau dise and Buildings in the city of New York, on application at the office of ASA BIGELOW, Jr., 46 Pine-street, corner of William. SULLIVAN DORR, President Providence, R. I. April 1 1847. HOME INSURANCE COMPANY, OF NEW YORK. CASH CAPITAL $500,000. BUILDINGS, MERCHANDISE, AND OTHER PROPERTY, INSURED AGAINST LOSS OR DAMAGE BY FIRE, ON FAVORABLE TERMS. OFFICE No. 4 WALL-ST., A. F. WILLMARTH, Secretary. CHARLES J. MARTIN, Vice-President. HUNT'S MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW. Established July, 1839. BY FREEMAN HUNT, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. PUBLISHED MONTHLY. At 142 Fulton-street, New York-At Five Dollars per Annum. The MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW is devoted to TRADE, COMMERCE, and NAVIGATION-BANKING, CUR RENCY, and FINANCE-MERCANTILE aud MARITIME LAW-FIRE MARINE, and LIFE INSURANCE-OCEAN and INLAND NAVIGATION NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE-INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS— including CANALS, RAILWAYS, and - PLANK ROADS-RIVERS and HARBORS, and in general all subjects involving the great CoMMERCIAL AND INDUS TRIAL INTERESTS of the Country and the World. It has been ever the constant aim, and untiring effort of the Editor and Proprietor to make the Work, at once, a journal of the latest Commercial Intelligence, and a standard Library of Reference on all topics of Trade, not less indispensable to the STATESMAN, POLITICAL ECONOMIST, JURIST, FINANCIER, BANKER, BROKER, SHIP MASTer, Ship Builder, Mechanic, and ManufactURER, than to the MERCHANT and BUSINESS MAN; and from the necessarily comprehensive range of its discussions and its Statistics, taking in, as it does, every subject in the wide field of Commerce, the pages of the Magazine will always be found to embody a vast fund of Knowlege for the Farmer, also for the Cotton Planter of the South, and the Grain Grower of the North. The Editor and Proprietor has endeavored to infuse into his Magazine a national spirit and character, by securing the aid of able correspondents in all parts of our widespread Republic, and by exhibiting the resources of every State and Territory of the Union. On mooted points in political economy, banking, and the principles of trade, he has freely admitted articles advocating antagonistic doctrines and opinions; and, while it is his great aim to exhibit facts, and embody the scientific and practical operatinos of Commerce, the Magazine will be ever open to the free and fair discussion of every subject legitimately falling within its general scope and its original design. The number for June, 1855, completed the THIRTY SECOND semi-annual volume of the Merchants' Magazine. The work has been enlarged more than one-third since its commencement in July, 1889, and each volume now contains nearly Eight Hundred octavo pages. A few complete sets of the Magazine may be obtained at the publisher's office, 142 Fulton-street, New York, neatly and substantially bound, for Two DoLLabs and a HaLF per volume. MR. FREEMAN HUNT. Chamber of Commerce of Paris, Paris, 26 December, 1850. SIR:-The Chamber of Commerce of Paris, having had occasion to consult the Magazine which you have published for so many years past, could not but fully appreciate its great merit. It has remarked the sustained zeal and care with which you have brought together in its pages, statistical matter of the highest interest, as well as disquisitions of the utmost importance and utility; and the Chamber knows of no better way of testifying its appreciation of your work, than by subscribing for the Magazine for its Library. The Treasurer ha been directed to charge one of our correspondents in New York with this duty, and also to forwards to you this letter, which we conclude Sir, by offering you the assurances of our highest consideration. HORACE SAY, Secretary. LEGENTIL, President of the Chamber. At a stated meeting of the Philadelphia Board of Trade, held on Monday evening, April 21st, 1851, the following resolutions were adopted, without a dissenting voice: Resolved, That the Board of Trade viewing the importance of a publication, which condenses in an attractive and enduring form, general information and statistics relating to the commercial and industrial pursuits of our country, venture to recommend “ Hunt's Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review." as possessing these requisites in an eminent degree, and trust their fellow-citizens may be induced to encourage FREEMAN HUNT, Esq., in his arduous labors by becoming subscribers to his periodical. Resolved, That a copy of the foregoing Resolution be furnished Mr. HUNT, by the Secretary of the Board. THOS. P. COPE, President. C. C. CHILDS .Secretary. CINCINNATI CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, February 4th, 1851. At a meeting of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, February 4th, 1851, the following resolu tions were unanimously adopted : Resolved, That HUNT's Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review, is a work of great interest and utility, and is signally adapted to inform the merchants upon the numerous facts relative to the foreign and internal trade of the country, its manufactures and agricultural statistica; and that the thanks of the mercantile community are due to its editor, FREEMAN HUNT, Esq., for the industry and ability with which he has conducted it for so many years. Resolved. That we recommend ise more general circulation, and that a copy of these Resolutions be forwarded to Mr. Hunt. RICHARD SMITH, Secretary, George W. Wood Printer, No. 2 Dutch-street, HUNT'S MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE. Established July, 1839, BY FREEMAN HUNT, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. I. THE SOUND DUES OF DENMARK: AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE COM- MERCE OF THE WORLD. Translated from the German...... 11. MERCANTILE BIOGRAPHY: WALTER RESTORED JONES. By WILLIAM A. JONES, A. M., Librarian of Columbia College..... III. COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES.-No. XVIII. Taxes upon Trade-The War- Oswego-Privateers-Rule of 1756 regarding Neutrals-Scarcity in England-Louisburg -Frontenac-Indian Treaty-Canal in England-English Successes-Cherokees-Trade during the War to English West Indies-To French West Indies-To Europe-To Eng- land-Exports of Sundry Articles-Slave Trade-Paper Money-Canada-The Prospect. IV. THE CULTURE OF TEA IN BRAZIL. Translated from the Jornal de Commercio.... 442 V. COMMERCE OF CANDIA. The Island of Candia-Imports and Exports-Commercial Importance-Manners, Morals, and Customs of the People, etc....... Revival of the Shipping Interest-Prospects for Breadstuffs in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States-State of the Money Market-Bank War at the Northwest-Bank Move- ment in New York, Boston, and Ohio-Business at New York Assay Office and New Orleans Mint-Imports at New York for August, and from January 1st-Imports of Dry Goods-Ex- ports from New York for August, and from January 1st-Exports of Produce - Receipts for Cash Duties-Exports from New Orleans for the Fiscal Year-Foreign Exchange, etc.... 460-468 New York Cotton Market. By ULHORN & FREDERICKSON, Brokers, New York...... JOURNAL OF BANKING, CURRENCY, AND FINANCE. PAGE. Finances of the Principal Cities in the United States The United States Assay Office in New York... The New York Country Bank Exchange The Main Brace of State Credit. By J. THOMPSON, Banker, of New York. Real and Personal Property of Brooklyn.... Coinage of Gold and Silver in Mints of Mexico from 1521 to 1852.. The Bank of England and its Notes.-Coinage of the British Mint COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS. Of Importations into the United States from the British Provinces Duties of Officers in Charge of United States Warehouses.-Seized and Unclaimed Goods.... 470 472 475 477 478 478 479 480 480 481 482 483 484 The Return of Custom-House Appraisers.. Packing and Repacking Merchandise.-Penalties if Good are Relanded in the United States.... 486 Time of Transportation Bond in United States.-The Storekeeper of a Port in the United States 484 Regulations at Frontier Ports of the United States.-Transportation Routes for Merchandise in Bond.-Rates of Labor and Storage in the Publie Stores..... 485 486 457 488 POSTAL DEPARTMENT. Modification of Prussian-American Postal Treaty.. 488 Accounts and Returns of Postmasters in U. States.-Postage on Back Numbers of Newspapers.. 489 Publications sent to the Library of Congress and Smithsonian Institute.-The Duties of Postmasters in regard to Waste Paper.-Registration of Letters.-Lost Drafts or Warrants.. COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. Imports of Cloths into the United States-Ships of the World..... Comparative Navigation of Great Britain and the United States -Exports of Tea from China to the United States.-Iron Imported into the United States in 1850-54.............. Wool Imported into Great Britain.................. JOURNAL OF MINING AND MANUFACTURES. Coal Fields and Products of the Ohio Valley. By Mr. SMITH, of Cincinnati Railroad Record... 494 Statistics of Breweries in the British Islands New Process of Tanning Leather The Coal Trade of Pennsylvania: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Future ....... Progress of Iron Manufactures in Ohio...... Salt Manufacture at Syracuse.-Prices of Boiler Tubes.. The Manufacture of Paper in the United States.-Carpet Manufacture... Law of Life Assurance.... JOURNAL OF INSURANCE. STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE, &c. New Scutching Machine for Flax STATISTICS OF POPULATION, &c. 496 497 493 499 500 500 501 501 502 502 505 506 The Immigration since 1790: a Statistical Essay. By LOUIS SCHADE, of Washington, D. C........... 509 Brazilian Regulations in relation to Signals-Signals from Flag-staff near Point Atalaia First Books in America.-Paris Fuel Shops.-How to make Jujube Paste 529 524 THE BOOK TRADE. Notices of 22 new Books or new Editions..... 525-528 LUNT'S MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW. OCTOBER, 1855. Art. I. THE SOUND DUES OF DENMARK: AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE COMMERCE OF THE WORLD. * An inquiry into the history of Sound Dues, much discussed, often disputed, frequently opposed as they have been, imperturbably exacted as they are, will teach a momentous lesson of great powers rendered impotent by splitting their energies, of diplomacy missing its ends through ignorance and levity, and of great advantages, prejudicial to the interests of general Commerce, plucked by a small and feeble country from the quarrels of her powerful but discordant neighbors. That roads thrown open by nature should not be closed by toll-barriers is a demand as just as it is simple. The Black Sea has long been open to trade; the Mediterranean navigation is tributary no more to piratical States; the Baltic remains locked up. Denmark, hardly more than a parcel of scattered islands, holds the key in her hand, and ransacks the trade of the world of yearly millions. The * The following translation of an article on the Sound Dues of Denmark, published by F. Hessenland, Stettin, Prussia, has been sent us from Washington. It presents the German view of the question in a rather strong and perhaps somewhat exaggerated light. In the Merchants' Magazine for March, 1844, (vol. x., pages 218 to 232,) we published an able and interesting paper relating to "The Origin and History of the Danish Sound and Belt Tolls," which was translated from the Danish of J. F. Schlegel for the Merchants' Magazine by that accomplished statesman and scholar, the Hon. GEORGE P. MARSH, at that time Representative in Congress, and since United States Minister to Turkey. The translation of Mr. Marsh discussed the sovereignty of Denmark over the adjacent seas and sounds, and the Sound and Belt tolls, gave the ground of the right of toll, the rules according to which toll was anciently exacted and is now imposed, closing with a full reference to the literature of the Sound tolls. It will be seen, by reference to that article and the present, that this question, like most others, has two sides. - Editor Merchants' Magazine. |