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which might grow in the shallow parts of the river, and that while in this situation, driven into a state of torpidi. ty by the cold, they had been overwhelmed, and perhaps washed into the current, by the coming in of the tide.

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Having thus accounted for the manner in which swallows might chance to get into the water, it remains to be considered by what means they may have been sometimes taken out alive. Let us suppose therefore that some fishermen, as is very likely to be the case, had availed themselves of the coming in of the tide to catch fish, and that the swallows, which we have before supposed to have been carried into the current, coming in contact with their nets, were consequently drawn out of the water by them, and, not having been long under water, were not completely drowned.

"There are several other circumstances which seem to favour the opinion, that these birds remained concealed during winter in this Country. Among others, the most striking is, that swallows, Hirundines Rustica, as well as martins, Hirundines Urbicæ, have sometimes appeared very late in Autumn, a considerable time after they were all supposed to have taken their departure. Again, Again, as I have before had occasion to observe, they have sometimes been taken out of the water, in winter, in a torpid state, not only out of rivers, but also out of lakes and stagnant pools, and even out of bogs. They have likewise been found concealed in the crevices of rocks, in holes of old decayed trees in old ruined towers, and under the thatch of housesub llup sa.

From ahe consideration of the above facts alone, 19disew bloɔ ni

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Of this we drive several instances: Bewick, in his History of British Birds Intoduction, p. xvii. takes notice of having seen astonggling swallow so late as the end of October; and Mr. White, in his Natural History of Selborne, mentions having seen a house martin flying about in the month of November. To which I may add, that in the year 1804, I saw several, both martins and swallows, flying about in the neighbourhood of London, as late as October the 19th.

For further particulars relative to the torpidity of swallows, see Miscellanies by the Hon. Daines Barrington, page 225 and Sequel; also Buffon, Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux, 4to. Faris, 1780, Plan d'Ouvrage, p. xiii.

A great many sand martin's holes have been opened in Winter, and nothing has been found in them but old nests.--See Phil. Trans. yol. 51, p. 463.

without making any further enquiry into the subject, many persons have concluded that the whole tribe always winter in similar situations. It seems however much more probable, that those birds, which may have been found in a state of torpidity, as above described, had, owing to some accident, been hatched later in the year than ordinary, and that consequently they had not acquired sufficient strength to undergo the fatigue of a long journey uponthe wing, at the time when the migration of the rest of their species took place. It is very probable, that many of these, in order to shelter themselves from the inclemency of the weather, may have retreated to holes of rocks, &c. where from cold and hunger they may have sunk into a state of torpidity.* Others, for the same reason, may have crept among the weeds, which grow by the sides of rivers and ponds, where they may have been overwhelmed by the increase of the water, occasioned by the heavy rains which often happen towards the end of Autumn, and some, which may not have been loug immersed, may probably have been restored to life, when brought into the sun or before a fire.

"But that the chief part of each species migrate is so well established by a multitude of corresponding facts, that' it seems almost an absurdity to doubt of it. In the first place I would observe, that if these birds lay concealed in winter, in the same countries which they inhabit in summer, they would probably make their first appearance in spring, in mild weather, and would most likely appear sooner in early than in late seasons, which is quite contrary to experience. For several years past I have observed that chimney swallows have appeared first in cold weather. It have sometimes seen them as early as April the 2d, when the mercury in the thermometer has been below the freezing point. On the other hand I have often taken motive; Chat during a continuance of mild weather for the space of a fortnight, in the month of April, not so muchas otre swallow has appeared.

"It is a well known fact that the swallow, like most other birds of passage, appears earlier and departs later

in

*See Montagu's Ornithological Dictionary, under the word Martin.

It is by no means improbable, that very cold and frosty weather in Spring, may sometimes drive the swallow, just arrived, into some snug retreat, where it may remain until the warm weather returns. See Phil. Trans. vol. 65, p. 259,

in the Southern than in the Northern parts of Great Bri tain; and it must have been observed, by every one who is attentive to Natural History, that towards the latter end of September, swallows, Hirundines Rustice, as well as martins, Hirundines Urbica, congregate in great numbers, and are frequently seen sitting on the tops of houses, and on rocks near the sea. These meetings usually continue for several days, after which they suddenly disappear.

"Swifts, Hirundines Apodes, also begin to assemble previous to their departure: early in July, their numbers daily increase, and large bodies of them appear together: they soar higher in the air, with shriller cries, and Ay dif ferently from their usual mode. These meetings continue. till towards the middle of August, after which they are no

more seen.

*

"Sand Martins, Ilirundines Riparia, likewise flock together in Autumn. Some years ago they appeared in such numbers in London and its neighbourhood, that hundreds were, every day, caught by boys in the streets, for nearly the space of a week.

"From all the above mentioned circumstances, as well as from the great length of the wings, in proportion to the bulk of the body, of all this genus, it must appear evi dent that swallows are birds of passage: for it is hardly to be supposed that they would assemble together merely to hide themselves; on the contrary, it is most probable that, were this the case, each individual bird would seek a hiding place for itself.

It will be proper now to examine the accounts of ma-20H eesmod riners and others, who have seen these birds on their pasmany hundred miles out at sea, and on whose ships Abey baye alighted to rest, almost exhausted with fatigue and hunger, by which means we may be enabled, in some measure to determine to what quarter of the globe they retire, when they leave Europe in Autumn.

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(To be continued. )

See Bewick's British Bir's, p. 261..

+ If we calculate the velocity of this bird on the wing, and that it can and does suspend itself in the air for fourteen or fifteen hours together in search of food, it cannot fly over a space of less than two or three hundred miles in that time. Montagu Ornith. Dict.

INTELLIGENCE,

INTELLIGEN C E.

JACKSONIAN PRIZE.-The Prize-Subject for the year 1811, for the premium of 101. o the Author of the best Dissertation on a practical subject in Surgery, is "Wounds and Diseases of Arteries and Veins."-Candidates must be Members of the College, not on the Court of Assistants.--The Dissertations must be in English; and the number and importance of Facts will be considered the chief points of excellence in the compositions.-Each Dissertation must be distinguished by a Motto or Device; but no Dissertation, Motto, or Device, must be in the hand writing of the author,-Every Dissertation must be accompanied by a paper, sealed up (not with the seal of the author) containing the Name and Res sidence of the Author; and having, on the outside, a Motto or Device (not in his own hand-wring), corresponding with the Motto or Device on the Dissertation.-Dissertations must be addressed to the Secretary, and delivered at the College before Christmas Day, 1811.-The adjudications will be in the month of April, 1812. -The Prize-Dissertation will be preserved in the library of the College. The unapproved Dissertations, with their correspondent unsealed papers, will be returned, upon authenticated applications. Every unapproved Dissertation, which shall remain three years unclaimed, and its correspondent paper, unopened, will be burnt in the presence of the Jacksonian Committee. -The Prize-Subject for the present year, 1810, is "The Bite of a Rabid Animal;" Dissertations upon which must be delivered before Christinas Day

next.

Mrs. Mary Stokes was lately admitted into St. Thomas's Hos pital, in consequence of an injury she had

from a cart formed,

wheel going over her neck; a tumour immedved as fond

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ing from the angle of the lower jaw to the clavicle of the left side, which increased rapidly. Blood was immediately taken from the arm, and when put in a horizontal posture,' suffocation would have been brought on; the pulse was full-and Strong Sex pired, which occurred a few minutes after admission into the Hospital.

Upon examination, a large coagulum of venous blood was found Occupying the situation of the left internal jugular vein, and this extensively lacerated. The tranverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra was fractured and detached, also the interior cornue of the thyroid cartilage were fractured, but there was no communi cation into the trachea. On the right side of the neck was found a fracture of the cervix of the first rib, and considerable laceration of the contiguous parts.

UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW.

The Medical Lectures in the University of Glasgow, will begin on Tuesday the 6th of November, at the following hours.

Dietetics, Materia Medica, and Pharmacy, by Dr. MILLAR, at ten o'clock in the forenoon.

Midwifery, by Mr. TowEns, at eleven.

Theory and Practice of Physic, by Dr. FREER, at twelve. Anatomy and Surgery, by Dr. JEFFRAY, at two o'clock after

noon.

Chemistry and Chemical Pharmacy, by Dr. CLEGHORN, at

seven.

Dr. BROWN will commence his Lectures on Botany, about the beginning of May next.

The following Gentlemen have obtained the degree of Doctor in Medicine, from this University, within the last twelve months. Mr. MICHAEL M'TURK,

Mr. ALEXANDER MARSHALL,
Mr. ALEX. JAMES BUCHANAN,
Mr. WILLIAM D. NELSON,

from Scotland.

from Scotland.

from Scotland.

from Scotland.

Mr. JAMES BALDERSTONE KIRK,

from Scotland.

from East Indies,

Mr. RICHARD KENNEDY,

ST. THOMAS's and Guy's HOSPITALS.

The Autumnal Courses of Lectures at these adjoining Hospitals, will begin the 1st of October, as follows.

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At Thomas's-Anatomy, and the Operations of Surgery, by Mr. CLINE, and Mr. CooPER. Principles and Practice of Surgery, by Mr. COOPER.

At Guys-Practice of Medicine, by Dr. BABINGTON and Dr. CURRY. Chemistry, by Dr. BABINGTON, Dr. MARCET, and Mr. ALLEN. Experimental Philosophy, by Mr. ALLEN. Theory of Medicine, and Materia Medica, by Dr. CURRY and Dr. CHOZMELEY, Midwifery, and Diseases of Women and Children, by Dr Haroh Pos. Physiology, or Laws of the Animal Economy) by Dr. HAIGHTON. Structure and Diseases of the Teeth, by Mits

N. B. These several Lectures are so arranged, that no two of them interfere in the hours of attendance; and the whole is calculated to form a Complete Course of Medical and Chirurgical Instruction. Terms and other Particulars may be learnt at the respective Hospitals.

Dr. BUXTON's Autumnal Course of Lectures on the Practice of Medicine, will be commenced on Monday the 1st of October, at the London Hospitul.

Mr. A. CARLISLE will begin his Course of Lectures on the Art and Practice of Surgery, on Thursday October 4, 1810, at eight o'clock in the evening, at his house in Soho Square. The Introductory Discourse will be open to all Students.

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