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letter written more than a year before by E. H. Harriman, the railroad king, to Sidney Webster, in which the writer stated that President Roosevelt had summoned him to Washington in the autumn. of 1904, about a week before the election, and asked him to help in raising the necessary funds to carry New York; that the president promised to appoint Senator Depew ambassador to Paris; that upon Harriman's return to New York he raised, with the help of Depew's friends, the sum of $200,000, of which he himself subscribed $50,000, and turned the amount over to Treasurer Bliss. In explanation of the appearance of the letter at the time that the Interstate Commerce Commission was investigating some of Harriman's railroad transactions, the latter said that it had been sold to the New York World by a discharged stenographer and that he had made every effort to stop its publication. The president published in reply a letter in which he said: "Any such statement is a deliberate and wilful untruth-by rights it should be characterized by an even shorter and more ugly word. . . . I never requested Mr. Harriman to raise a dollar for the Presidential campaign of 1904." This was drawing a rather nice distinction between the national and the state campaign. Other letters made public by the president showed that he had been on cordial terms with Harriman and had invited him to the White House shortly before the election.'

1 Literary Digest, April 13, 1907.

The total number of votes cast in the election of 1904 was smaller than in the election of 190013,528,979, as against 13,961,566. Of these Roosevelt received 7,624,489, and Parker 5,082,754,1 and the electoral vote was 336 to 140. Roosevelt's popular vote and popular majority were the largest ever recorded for any president. He carried even Missouri, thus breaking the solid South, while Parker did not carry a single state outside the South.

A remarkable feature of this election was the success of five Democratic governors in states that gave Roosevelt large majorities: Douglas in Massachusetts, Johnson in Minnesota, Toole in Montana, Adams in Colorado, and Folk in Missouri. This result showed that the individual man was no longer dominated to the same extent as formerly by party organizations. The election of Folk, a young man of thirty-five, who had shown marked ability and courage in prosecuting numerous bribery cases in St. Louis, was one of the many signs of a great civic awakening that was sweeping over the entire country. This movement, though already under way as the result of conditions that were no longer tolerable, undoubtedly received a great impetus from the action and utterances of President Roosevelt. It was particularly strong in the larger cities, resulting in the overthrow of bosses and political machines, and marking the beginning of a veritable municipal re

1 World Almanac, 1905, P. 445.

naissance. In many cities the reform movement was identified with the advocacy of municipal ownership, an avowed remedy for the abuses of municipal franchises by public-service corporations. In Chicago, Edward F. Dunne was elected mayor on such a platform in 1905. The same year witnessed a temporary municipal revolution in Philadelphia under Mayor Weaver, and the re-election of Jerome, as an independent candidate, to the office of district attorney in New York City, an event of great significance as showing the extent to which the public conscience had been freed from political control.

As the result of charges made during the campaign against the great corporations in New York, a joint committee of the senate and assembly of that state was appointed to investigate the management of life-insurance companies. This committee, of which William W. Armstrong was chairman and Charles E. Hughes counsel, began its sittings September 6, 1905, and soon uncovered an almost incredible state of corruption in the Wall Street circles of high finance. The report of this committee, dated February 22, 1906, not only led to a thorough-going reorganization of the insurance companies, but gave the impulse and afforded the justification for a searching investigation, by national and state governments, into the affairs of great corporations generally, the end of which is not yet in sight, but which is undoubtedly destined to lead to fundamental

changes in the existing system. The temper of the New York public was shown by the election of Hughes in the fall of 1906 to the office of governor on the Republican ticket, without reference to the wishes of the machine.

VOL. XXV.-16

CHAPTER XIV

INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION

(1899-1907)

N spite of recent wars there has developed among the peoples of the earth a strong undercurrent of sentiment in favor of peace, and the principle of international arbitration has received wide recognition. From pulpit and press, from philanthropic associations, from chambers of commerce, from conferences of lawyers, national and international, the demand has come for the peaceful adjustment of international disputes; and this demand has been met by the negotiation of arbitration treaties, a score or more of which have already been entered into by the leading powers of the world. This subject is of special interest to Americans for the reason that the nations on this continent have so frequently resorted to arbitration, and no country has done more to encourage this method of procedure than the United States.

It is difficult to determine the exact number of cases that have gone before specially constituted international courts or mixed commissions during the past hundred years, but the number has increased

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