reconciling the total, universal, and constant dependence of man on God, with his freedom and moral agency, and accountableness for his moral conduct. The Scripture asserts both these in the strongest manner, from the beginning to the end, in a variety of ways. The instances are too numerous to be all mentioned here. This dependence is represented by the potter and the clay; and man is asserted to be as dependent on God for the manner of his existence, and in all his moral character and actions, as the clay is on the potter for the shape and kind of vessel into which it is to be formed. (Rom. ix. 19, 20, 21.) And wicked men, in all their actions, are represented to be as much in the hand of God, and moved by him, as the saw, axe, rod, or staff, are in the hand or power of a man who uses and moves them. (Is. x. 15.) The apos tle Paul says, (Acts xvii. 28,) " In him we live, and move, and have our being."

And reason, or true philosophy, teaches the same. A creature cannot be made independent in any the least degree or respect whatever, because this implies a contradiction; for if a creature can be independent with respect to any thing, or in any degree, he may be so in every degree, and in all respects; which is inconsistent with his being a creature. Therefore the constant and entire dependence of man on God his creator for existence, for every perception and thought, and every motion of body or mind, and every circumstance of these, from the least that is possible to the greatest, is absolute and perfect in the highest degree, and in every respect. According to Scripture and right reason, this is perfectly consistent with the moral freedom and agency of man; and he is as virtuous or vicious, and as worthy of praise, or deserving of blame and punishment, as if he were not thus dependent, if this were possible, which it is hoped has been made evident. But, apostate, proud man feels as if he were, in a great degree at least, self-dependent, and inclines and aspires to be so. This tends to lead him to wrong ideas and speculations on this point, and to prevent his reasoning properly upon it. And it is no wonder that great mistakes are made, and that many are led aside by false reasoning on the subject, and cannot be convinced of the truth; or, if they be in some measure convinced in their judgment, or at least silenced by unanswerable arguments, yet they may feel as if it were not, and could not, be

Dr. Doddridge gives the following translation of this text: "In him we live, (Kirovua) are moved, and exist;" and adds the following words: "No words can better express that continual and necessary dependence of all derived beings, in their existence, and all their operations, on their first and almighty cause, which the truest philosophy, as well as theology, teaches."

true, and not submit to it, but oppose it in all the exercises of their hearts.

They who are humble, and feel their dependence on God, and are pleased with it, are most likely to understand these things, and to see the consistence of such dependence, and their freedom and accountableness to God for their moral conduct, and to be satisfied with it. And if they cannot remove every difficulty in speculation, and answer all the objections which are made to it, they nevertheless do acquiesce, and are pleased with being thus dependent, and yet wholly blamable for every deviation from the law of God, and have no doubt of the consistence of these, though they may not be able to show how, or to reason the matter out with others. "The meek will he guide in judgment, and the meek will he teach his way." (Ps. xxv. 9.) They will approve of the sentiments and exhortation of the apostle Paul, and feel and act accordingly. They will "work out their own salvation with fear and trembling;" that is, in the exercise of true humility, and a sense and acknowledgment of their entire, constant dependence on God for every exertion and motion of their will, knowing that "He worketh in them both to will and to do."

QUESTION. Do not the words of the apostle James expressly deny that the divine agency is concerned in the existence of moral evil, when he says, "Let no man say, when he is tempted, I am tempted of God; for God cannot be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man"?

ANSWER. To tempt, and be tempted, are to be understood in different senses, as they are used in the Scripture. God is said to be tempted, and men are often said to tempt him. And it is said that he tempted Abraham; and in this sense he does tempt others, and may tempt all men. Sometimes to tempt, is taken in a bad sense, as it is in this passage, and means a sinful act, as it always does when Satan is said to tempt any one. In this sense God does not tempt any man, for he is holy in all his works. To be tempted, sometimes means only to be tried, and is consistent with the perfect innocence and holiness of him who is said to be tempted. In this sense God is said to be tempted, and Jesus Christ was tempted. Sometimes to be tempted implies moral evil, and actually falling into sin. In this sense, the word seems to be used in the following passages: "Considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted. Lest by some means the tempter have tempted you, and our labor be in vain." (Gal. vi. 1. 1 Thess. iii. 5.) In this sense the word is to be understood, when James says, "God cannot be tempted," and in the same sense

he uses the word, when he speaks of a man being tempted. This is evident from his own explanation of it in the following words: "But every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed." A man cannot be tempted, in this sense, but by the exercise and gratification of his own lusts; the existence of which is therefore supposed, and necessary, in order to his being tempted, without which he could not be so tempted. Therefore a man is not, nor can be tempted, in the sense here stated, by any thing that is, or can be done, antecedent to the existence of evil, or lust, in his heart. For the temptation applies to his lust, and is suited to excite sinful exercises, or lead men into sin. It is easy to see that God does not so tempt any man; and that his foreordaining whatsoever comes to pass, and executing his decrees in ordering and governing all the actions of men, does not imply this. All that God does is infinitely wise and holy. And he does not exhibit any thing to the view of men, or set any thing before them, in his word or works, in false colors, or that has any tendency to deceive them, or draw them into sin, but every thing which he suggests to them in his word and providence has a contrary tendency, and is perfect truth. And if men view objects in a wrong and false light, it is wholly owing to their lusts, by which the light and truth which God sets before them is perverted and abused.

QUESTION. Have not those who have been called Calvinists, and have professed their belief of the doctrine of the decrees of God, that he hath foreordained whatsoever comes to pass, denied the divine agency in the existence of moral evil, while they hold that God decreed to permit it? And is not this way of representing the matter safest and best, to avoid the charge of making God the author of sin? And others who hold that God is the cause of every act and volition of the sinner have distinguished, and said that he is the cause of them, as natural actions and events, or so far as they are natural, but not of the moral depravity of them, that this is wholly from the sinner, and he alone is the cause of it. Is not this distinction proper and necessary, in order to avoid the above imputation?

ANS. 1. It has been observed, that Calvin, and the assembly of divines at Westminster, assert that the divine decree and agency, respecting the existence of sin, imply more than a bare permission, viz., something positive and efficacious." They, therefore, who hold to only a bare permission, do depart from those who have been properly called Calvinists; and do

See p. 131, margin.

not agree with the confession of faith composed by said assembly of divines, or with those numerous churches and divines who do assent, or have assented, to that confession of faith, in England, Scotland, Ireland, and America.

ANS. 2. If by God's permitting sin be meant, that sin will exist, if God do not interpose and hinder the existence of it by a positive exertion, and he only forbears such exertion, and suffers it to take place, this involves a real absurdity and impossibility, as it supposes sin to exist without any proper cause, and wholly independent of the first cause. And if any one thing, or event, may come into existence, independent of the first cause, every existence may do so: too, and there is no need of a first cause of all, and the being of God cannot be proved, from any existence which men behold. But if it did not involve this impossibility, and any should think such an inference not just, it does really remove no supposed difficulty with respect to making God the origin of sin. For if sin could not exist without the will and decree of God to permit it, and nothing but a bare permission were necessary in order to its existence, yet God, in determining to permit it, willed the existence of it; and this necessarily implies his choice and pleasure that sin should exist, in every instance in which it does take place, and that he orders things so that, he permitting, it will certainly exist just as it does. And this implies the whole of the doctrine which has been advanced, as has been before observed. To decree to permit sin in the case supposed, is to will the existence of it. And this is liable to all the objections which can be made to the doctrine which has been advanced in this chapter, as making God the author of sin, etc. And nothing worse, or more, can be said against this doctrine, as it has been stated above, which has not been said against the assertion, which has been espoused by all Calvinists, viz., that God has fore ordained whatsoever comes to pass. This has always been loaded, by many, with the greatest opprobrium which they could invent, asserting that it is the most blasphemous, horrid doctrine that was ever thought of, making God the sole author of all the sin in the world; and most unreasonable and cruel, in punishing men or devils, who, according to this doctrine, are perfectly innocent and incapable of sinning, etc. And nothing will satisfy such objectors but to give up the doctrine of the divine decrees, and admit man to be and act so as to form his own moral character, independent of God, and in every sense contrary to his purpose and will, if it be sinful.

ANS. 3. The attempt to distinguish between the sinful volitions or actions of man, as natural and moral actions, and

making God the origin and cause of them, considered as natural actions, and men the cause and authors of the depravity and sin which is in them, is, it is believed, unintelligible, and has no consistent or real meaning, and gives no rational satisfaction to the inquiring mind; unless by making this distinction it be meant, that, in every sinful action, God is not the sinful cause of it, but all he determines and does respecting these is the exercise of holiness. And all the moral depravity and sin consists in the volitions and actions of men, and is their sin, and cannot be ascribed to God; men being as much the cause and authors of their own sins, as they could be if God had not done or determined any thing respecting them. And this is the doctrine which has been vindicated in this chapter. And is it not reasonable and candid to suppose that those worthy men who have made this distinction did really mean no more nor less than this?

On the whole, it is presumed there has nothing been advanced, as included in the doctrine of the decrees of God, which is not necessarily implied in his independence and supremacy, his infinite wisdom and goodness, or holiness, and man's necessary dependence on him, or that is inconsistent with the most perfect freedom of man, and his moral agency, and accountableness for all his moral exercises, and being justly blamable for every thing in him which is contrary to the holy law of God; and that, consistent with this doc trine, as much depends on the will and conduct of men as if they were not dependent, if this were possible, and nothing had been done or determined, respecting their volitions and conduct, previous thereto; - and that their will and conduct is as much their own, and is as deserving of praise or blame, is as virtuous or vicious, as it could be, were they wholly independent; and that there is nothing contained in this doctrine that makes God the author of sin, in any bad sense, and so as to impeach the divine holiness;-and that all this has been made evident. But if the contrary can be made to appear, this doctrine, with all that is implied in it, shall be given up and renounced.

IMPROVEMENT.

1. From what has been said on this high and. important subject may be inferred the truth and divine original of the Holy Scriptures, in that the doctrine of the divine decrees is clearly revealed and so abundantly asserted therein; and the whole Bible is evidently formed on this plan. This doctrine is so agreeable to reason, and so essential to rational and con