OWENS COLLEGE, VICTORIA UNI VERSITY, MANCHESTER. SESSION 1881-2. I. Department of Arts and Law. II. Department of Science and Engineering. The Session will commence in these Departments on TUESDAY, October 4th. Students will be ad nitted on and after Wednesday, September 28th. Candidates for admission must not be under 14 years of age, and those under 16 will be required to pass a Preliminary Examination in English, Arithmetic, and Elementary Latin, to be held on the 30th September. III. Department of Medicine and Surgery. The Session will commence on SATURDAY, October 1st. Students are required, before entering, to have passed one of the Preliminary Examinations prescribed by the General Medical Council. IV. Evening Classes. UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. The WINTER MEDICAL SESSION will be opened with an Introductory Address by Prof. CHARTERIS, M.D., on TUESDAY, the 25th October, 1881. Complete Courses on all the Subjects of the Medical Curriculum are delivered within the University, and fully equipped Laboratories for Practical Instruction are connected with each Department. In the Western Infirmary, which is in the immediate vicinity, ample means of Clinical and Pathological Study are afforded. The Fee for each Class is £3 35., and the total minimum expenses for Classes and Graduation Fees for M.B. and C.M. amount to about £90. Bursaries to the anuual amount of about £1000 may be held by Students during their Medical Studies. Full particulars connected with the Course of Education and Examination required for the Degrees, and the Preliminary Examination required to be passed by Students before beginning Medical Study, will be found in the University Calendar; or a Syllabus of the Regulations, Fees, &c., may be obtained by applying to Mr. MoIR, Assistant Clerk of Senate. ALBERT MEMORIAL COLLEGE, Catalogues post free and gratis on application. EDMUND WHEELER, 48N, Tollington Road, Holloway, London, N. ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL, ALBERT EMBANKMENT, LONDON, S. E. The WINTER SESSION of 1881-2 will commence on October 1, when an Introductory Address will be delivered by Dr. Bernays, Ph.D., F.C.S., &c., at 3 p.m. Two Entrance Science Scholarships, of £100 and £60 respectively, open to all 1st Year's Students, will be offered for competition. The Examination will be held on the 5th, 6th, and 7th of October, and the Subjects will be Chemistry and Physics, with either Botany or Zoology at the option of Candidates. Special Classes are held throughout the year for the "Matriculation," "Preliminary Scientific," and "First M. B." Examinations of the University of London. All Hospital Appointments are open to Students without extra charge. Scholarships and Money Prizes of considerable value are awarded at the Sessional Examinations, as also several Silver and Gold Medals. The Fees may be paid in one sum or by instalments. Special Entries may be made to Lectures or to Hospital Practice, and special arrangements are made for Students entering on their Second or subsequent years, also for Dental Students and for Qualified Practitioners. Several Medical Practitioners and Private Families residing in the neighbourhood receive Students for residence and supervision, and a Register of Inspected and Approved Lodgings is kept in the Secretary's Office. Prospectuses and all particulars may be obtained from the SECRETARY, Dr. GILLESPIE. W. M. ORD, M.D., Dean. ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL AND COLLEGE. OPEN SCHOLARSHIPS IN SCIENCE. TWO SCHOLARSHIPS of the value of £130 each, tenable for one year, will be competed for on September 26th and the three succeeding days. One of the value of £130 will be awarded to the best Candidate at this Examination, under twenty years of age, if of sufficient merit. For the other, Candidates must be under twenty-five years of age. The Subjects of Examination are Physics, Chemistry, Botany, and Zoology. The Jeaffreson Exhibition will be competed for at the same time. The Subjects of Examination are Latin, Mathematics, and any two of the three following languages :-Greek, French, German. This is an Open Exhibition of the value of £50. Candidates must not have entered to the Medical or Surgical Practice of any Metropolitan Medical School. The successful Candidates will be required to enter at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in the October succeeding the Examination. For particulars application may be made to the WARDEN of the College, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, E. C. ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL AND COLLEGE. The Curatorship of the Museum is Vacant. The Salary is £150 a year. Candidates are requested to send their Applications with Copies of Testi monials to the Warden of the College, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, E.C., before September 5th. THE MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL. The WINTER SESSION will open on MONDAY, October 3rd, with an Introductory Address by Dr. R. Douglas Powell. The Medical School, which has lately been considerably enlarged, provides the most complete means for the education of Students preparing for the University of London, the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and the other Licensing Bodies. Two Entrance Scholarships, of the annual value of £25 and 20 per annum, tenable for two years, and a Science Scholarship, value 50, will be competed for on September 30th and October 1st. Further information may be obtained from the Dean or the Resident Medical Officer at the Hospital. ANDREW CLARK, Dean. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. PRELIMINARY SCIENTIFIC (M.B.) EXAMINATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. The following Classes meet the requirements of Candidates :- Botany and Vegetable Physiology-Prof. OLIVER, F.R.S., F.L.S. The Courses of Chemistry, Practical Chemistry, and Botany enter into the ordinary Medical Curriculum, the extra Fees amounting to 10 Guineas. Prospectuses, including information as to Classes for Matriculation, may be obtained from the College, Gower Street, W.C. TALFOURD ELY, M.A., Secretary. LIVING SPECIMENS FOR THE MICROSCOPE, THOMAS BOLTON, NATURALISTS' and MICROSCOPISTS' STUDIO, 57, NEWHALL STREET, BIRMINGHAM. T. B. has last week sent to his subscribers the interesting motile Diatom, Bacillaria paradoxa (found in fresh water), with drawing and description. He has also sent out Alcyonella fungosa, Plumatella repens, Fredericella sultana, Paludicella Ehrenbergi, Bowerbankia imbricata, Syncoryne fru tescens, Campanularia flexuosa, &c. Weekly announcements will be made in this place of organisms T. B. is supplying. Specimen Tube, One Shilling, post-free. Twenty-six Tubes in course of Six Months for Subscription of £1 1. Price List of Specimens on application, with stamped addressed envelope. Portfolio of Drawings, No. 5, One Shilling. BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, The NEXT ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING will be held at SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, BART., M.P., D.C.L., F.R.S. NOTICE TO COntributors of MEMOIRS.-Authors are requested to give early notice of their intention to offer Papers. Information about Lodgings and other local arrangements may be obtained from the Local Secretaries, 17, Blake Street, York. G. GRIFFITH, Acting Secretary, York. A THOROUGHLY EXPERIENCED, Practical, and Experimental PHOTOGRAPHER, who also possesses a good General and Scientific Knowledge, wishes to meet with SCIEN TIFIC EMPLOYMENT in which the above qualifications would be utilised. Address Z. Y. X., Office of NATURE, 29, Bedford Street, Strand, W.C. PROFESSOR OWEN, C.B., F.R.S., and the SOCIETY ABOLITION of VIVISECTION.-Readers of the Life of Hunter in the NEW EDITION of the ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA are invited to peruse the Correspondence on HUNTER and ANEURISM, which can be obtained gratis on sending a Stamped Directed Wrapper to the Honorary Secretary, GEORGE R. JESSE, Hen. bury, near Macclesfield, Cheshire. BRYCE-WRIGHT'S LATEST ARRIVALS. GEMS. Unique Cat's Eye, weight nearly 40 carats. Yellow Sapphire, 95 Matchless Opal, weighing 34 carats, one of the finest known. Alexandrites, Hiddenites, cut, and an extraordinary Star-Sapphire, weighing 250 carats. MINERALS.-Hiddenites, Sphenes, Canada; groups of Tourmalines, Castor, Pollux, from Elba, Euclase, Beryls and Precious Opals from Australia. METEORITES from following Localities :-Wold Cottage, Yorkshire, Bois de la Fontaine, Loiret, Soko Banja, Serbie. BRYCE-WRIGHT, Mineralogist and Expert in Gems and Precious Stones, 90, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, W.C. TO CURATORS. A FINE COLLECTION of OLD POTTERY-PREHISTORIC, BRONZE PERIOD-consisting of about 100 Vessels ranging in size from 3 inches to 13 inches diameter. LARGE ZIRCONS from CANADA. HIDDENITE, the SO-CALLED LITHIA EMERALD, from AMERICA. BLOWPIPE CASES AND APPARATUS. BEGINNERS, from 45. LLECTIONS FOR STUDENTS, from £225. COLLECTIONS FOR A BEAUTIFUL FLUOR SPAR VASE, BLUE JOHN, Height 2 feet 4 inches, Diameter 13 Catalogues free. inches. SAMUEL HENSON, 6d. 277 (Late 113a), STRAND, LONDON, W.C. EVERY BOY A GEOLOGIST. Now ready, and highly recommended, complete, price 75. This admirable little Work and most extraordinary Cabinet of wonderfully well-selected Natural Specimens, together with other Geological Preparations, and a powerful Lens, are calculated to start a boy thinking till he has mastered for himself no ordinary knowledge of the formation of the Earth's Crust.-THOMAS J. DOWNING, GEOLOGIST, &c., 38, Whiskin Street, London, E.C.-Catalogues free. MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY, AND PETROLOGY. NEW AND INTERESTING MINERALS. A Large Series now on View. Special Geological Collections for Students and Teachers, employed by all Lecturers and Teachers in Great Britain, obtained FIRST-CLASS AWARD at Sydney Exhibition. Collections at 62 25., 61 15., and 10s. 6d. Collections of any magnitude can be arranged, and for any special purpose. See New Lists of Collections, Apparatus, Cabinets, &c., of JAMES R. GREGORY, 88, CHARLOTTE STREET, FITZROY SQUARE. GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. Glaciated Boulders from the Tyne Valley: Fish Remains from the Chalk of Mount Lebanon, collected by the Maronite Monks. Interesting Sponges, Bryozoa, &c., from the Neocomian of Faringdon, Berks. Fine Series of Oolites from the Cotteswold Hills and other localities. Choice Norwegian Minerals, comprising Crystals of White Apatite, Black Tourmaline, Enstatite, Ilmenite, Hydrotalkit, Augite, Onkolite, Serpentine Pseudomorphs, &c. THOMAS D. RUSSELL, 48, ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE. Price Sixpence, Monthly, 24 pages 8vo, with occasional Illustrations. Conducted by C. G. BARRETT, J. W. DOUGLAS, R. MCLACHLAN, F.R.S. E. C. RYE, F.Z.S., E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S., and H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S. This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains standard articles and notes on all subjects connected with Entomology, and especially on the Insects of the British Isles. Subscription-Six Shillings per Volume, post free. The volumes commence with the June number in each year. Vols. I. to VI. (strongly bound in cloth) may be obtained by purchasers of the entire set to date, at the increased price of 10s. each; the succeeding vols. may be had separately or together, at 75. each. London: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, Paternoster Row N.B.-Communications, &c., should be sent to the Editors at the above address. Contains Articles by well-known Entomologists on all branches of the Science; on Insects injurious or beneficial to Farm or Garden; Notes on Habits, Life-Histories; occurrence of Rarities, &c. ; there are monthly lists of Duplicates and Desiderata. Numerous WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS, to the printing of which especial attention is given, and occasional LITHOGRAPHED and CHкомO-LITHO GRAPHED PLATES. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., Stationers' Hall Court. Now ready, Vol. XV., Part IV.. July, 1881, completing a Volume of 582 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, CONDUCTED BY Profs. HUMPHRY, TURNER, M'KENDRICK, & Dr. CREIGHTON. Contents. 1. The Ovary in Incipient Cystic Disease. By V. D. Harris, M.D., and Alban Doran, F.K.C.S. (Plate XXIII.) 2. Anatomy of the Koala. By A. H. Young, M.B 3. Lymphatics of Pancreas. By G. Hoggan, M. B., and F. E. Hoggan, M.D. (Plate XXIV.) 4. Case of Primary Cancer of Femur. By R. Maguire. (Plate XXV.) 5. Case of Chronic Lobar Pneumonia. By Thomas Harris. 6. Pathological Anatomy of Primary Lateral Sclerosis (Sclerosis of Pyramidal Tracts). By J. Dreschfeld, M.D. (Plate XXVI.) 7. Form and Proportions of Foetal Indian Elephant. By Prof. Turner. (Plate XXVII.) 8 Femoral Artery in Apes. By J M. Brown, M.B. 6. The Brain and Nervous System: a Summary and a Review. By R. Garner. MACMILLAN & CO., London and Cambridge. On the 1st of every Month. TRIMEN'S JOURNAL OF BOTANY, BRITISH AND FOREIGN. New Series. Edited by JAMES BRITTEN, F.L.S., British Museum. CONTENTS.-Original Articles by leading Botanists.-Extracts, and Notices of Books and Memoirs.-Articles in Journals.-Botanical News.Proceedings of Societies. Price is. 31. Subscription for One Year, pa7able in advance, 12s. London: EST, NEWMAN. & CO.. 54, Hatton Garden, E.C. A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. Third Series. Edited by J. E. HARTING, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Member of the British Ornithologists' Union; contains Original articles by well-known naturalists in every branch of zoology, habits of animals; arrival and departure of migratory birds; occurrence of rare birds; distribution and migration of British fresh-water fish; new or rare marine fish; local aquaria; ritish reptiles; British land and freshwater mollusca, with remarks on the haunts and habits of the species; and other matters of general interest to those who delight in natural history. Reports of the Linnean, Zoological, and Entomological Societies. Reviews of natural history books. Occasional translations from foreign 10ological journals of important and interesting articles in various branches of zoology. There are occasional woodcuts. JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, Paternoster Row LISTRICITĖS Chaque Samedi 16 pages grand in-8, REVUE HEBDOMADAIRE colonnes Scientifique, illustrée, spéciale, seul journal tenant les lecteurs au courant de tous les détails de l'Exposition universelle d'électricité, organe indépendant des exposants REDACTEUR EN CHEF: W. de FONVIELLE Subscription Yearly, 168.; Six Months, 9s. Specimen Copy sent post free. THE "HANSA" Published since 186, in Hamburg, is the only independent professional paper in Germany, dedicated exclusively to Maritime Objects. Essays, Critiques, Reviews, Reports, Advertisements. Strict eye kept upon the development of Maritime Affairs in every respect. Every second Sunday one Number in 4to at least; frequent supplements and drawings. Subscription at any time; preceding numbers of the year furnished subsequently. Price 125. for twelve months. Advertisements 4d. a line, widely spread by this paper; considerable abatement for 3, 6, 12 months' insertion. Business Office: Aug. 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LA SEMAINE FRANÇAISE: a Weekly Newspaper and Review in the French Language. Politics, Literature, Science, Art, Varieties, Notes. Price 3d., through booksellers, and at the railway bookstalls. Office, 37, Southampton Street, Strand, W.C. LA SEMAINE FRANÇAISE: Journal Français pour l'Angleterre Politique, Littérature, Sciences, Arts, Variétés, Nouvelles, et Notes. Un exemplaire par la poste, 3d., en timbres poste Abonnement franco par la poste-un an, 155. ad.; six mois, 75. 7d. Prix 3d., chez tous les libraires et aux gares des chemins de fer. On s'abonne aux bureaux, 37, Southampton Street, Strand, Londres, W.C. LA SEMAINE FRANÇAISE.-"La Semaine Fran çaise' has been brought out in London for the benefit of those English readers who may wish to study contemporary French from all points of view, instead of confining their reading to one particular Gallic print. It certainly merits success."-Graphic. LA SEMAINE FRANÇAISE.-"The numbers before us are full of good things. It will be far better for most than any one of the best papers published in Paris itself. We are much pleased with the character of it, and believe it will be highly valued in all thos many households where French is cultivated. The printing is very well done."-Queen. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: s. d. ... 3 10 Three months Six Twelve 19 P.O.O. payable to T. SPANSWICK, at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. Publishing Office, 37, Southampton Street, Strand, W.C. NATURE SERIES. THURSDAY, AUGUST 18, 1881 THE CENTRAL AFRICAN LAKES OUR readers must be familiar with the leading features Mr. 353 of the current had considerably decreased, as had also the volume of the river. Mr. Thomson discusses the interesting problem of the Tanganyika at some length, and with great intelligence, as well as with the knowledge of a trained and practical geologist. He refers to the facts observed by previous travellers as well as himself, as to the rise and fall of the level of the lake, the hydrography of the neighbouring country, &c., and concludes as follows: "With these facts before us the necessity of Tanganyika having a regular outlet is not so apparent as it seems to invoke the aid of great convulsions to account for the inhave been to Cameron. Neither need we, like Stanley, terruption or intermittency of the outflow. The pheno enumerated, viz. (first), that since the Arabs settled at mena are sufficiently accounted for by the facts I have Ujiji till within the last five years there has been no very marked rise in the level of the lake; (second), that the rapid rise of the lake after that time was due to unusually wet seasons; (third), that the normal rainfall is yika drains a remarkably small area of land, and has only less than fifty inches in the year; (fourth), that Tangana few insignificant rivers, torrents, and streams falling into it; and (fifth), that the volume of water passing out by the Lukuga is diminishing so rapidly as to be markedly noticeable in two months, even in the course of the rainy season, so that quite possibly the next traveller may arrive siderations, then, as well as all my inquiries and observato find little or no water leaving the lake. These contions, lead me to conclude (first), that under normal circumstances the rainfall and evaporation nearly balance each other; (second), that many years ago a series of unusually dry seasons reduced the level of the lake below long without circulation to become charged with salts, that of its outlet; (third), that it remained sufficiently which have given the water a markedly peculiar and unpleasant taste, unlike that of ordinary fresh water, and also an exceptional power of corroding metal and leather; (fourth), that unusually wet seasons set in some five or six years ago, raising the level of the lake; (fifth), that it rose above its normal level, owing to the formation of a growth, and the depositing of alluvium by the small barrier in the bed of the Lukuga by rapid vegetable streams descending from the slopes on either side; and (sixth), that the lake having once overflowed the barrier, soon removed it entirely, thus regaining its original channel and level." After a short stay with the hospitable and intelligent missionaries at Mtowa, to the north of the Lukuga outlet, and paying a visit to Ujiji, Mr. Thomson set out to make his way back through terrible Urua, where Cameron suffered so much. Here he had to undergo the worst reception he met with during his whole journey; every possible obstacle was placed in his way, every opportunity was taken to insult him and steal his goods, even the very blanket from beneath him when asleep; and it was only by the greatest self-restraint and tact that fighting was avoided and he and his men escaped with their lives. This they were only too glad to do, just before they reached the goal of the expedition, the river Lukuga, Returning to Mtowa, a passage was obtained in Mr. Hore's boat to the south end of the lake. Here Mr. Thomson picked up his men and set out on the return journey. He had intended to go east through Usanga and by the upper waters of the Rufiji, but as the natives were at war this would have been dangerous. So he went north by the east side of Tanganyika, taking occasion to have a good look at the mysterious Lake Hikwa, R |