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THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. 304,

Will be Published on SATURDAY NEXT.

CONTENTS.

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III. DEAN STANLEY'S CHRISTIAN INSTITUTIONS.
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V.-POPE'S WORKS. BY ELWIN AND COURTHOPE.
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VIII. FAIR TRADE AND BRITISH LABOUR.

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Now Ready, price бs., Vol. XVI., Part I., October, 1881.
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ANTHROPOLOGY

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MAN AND CIVILISATION.

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...

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...

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...

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THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S.

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1881

GEOGRAPHY, NATIONAL AND INTER

NATIONAL

the sphere of geography; the happy medium has, we think, been well struck by M. Elisée Réclus in his magnificent "Géographie Universelle," which, when complete, will no doubt form a mine for compilers of textbooks.

One of the most valuable recent developments of geo

[T seems impossible to get any full and authentic account graphy is seen in the scheme conceived by the late Lieut.

Weyprecht, for the establishment of a ring of Polar observatories. This is now close upon being an accomplished fact, as will be seen from the account we gave of the recent meeting of the International Polar Congress at St. Petersburg. As our readers are no doubt aware, many Arctic authorities are of opinion that the days of great and expensive national Polar expeditions are past, and that the money thus spent would be put to much better use by being devoted to the carrying on of a continuous series of observations. At various points around the Arctic area observatories will be established as near as practicable to the Pole, where a continuous series of observations will be taken, according to a common pre arranged plan. These observations will be connected with meteorology in all its departments, with terrestrial magnetism, the aurora borealis, atmospheric electricity, the movements of the ice, biology, combined with geographical exploration where practicable. After a year or two of such observations we may then be able to compare and co-ordinate Polar con

of the doings of the recent International Geographial Congress held at Venice, so that at present it is diffiult to say how much it did for the promotion of the subject with which it is connected. Congratulatory addresses eem to have been a prominent feature, and much time vas devoted to the subject of interoceanic canals, with pecial reference to those across the isthmuses of Panama and Corinth. If the Congress itself was disappointing, he Exhibition in connection therewith appears to have been a great success. It was a striking illustration of he dimensions which geographical science has now atained. Maps and charts and globes ancient and modern we should of course expect to find; sextants and compasses also, as well as tents and hammocks, and other paraphernalia of the explorer. But besides the exhibits to which geography can lay special claim, nearly every other science was laid under contribution in one way or another. Geology and meteorology, botany and zoology, and ethnology, and even chemistry and physics, have been placed under levy to help in forming the multi-ditions with those which prevail in regions further south. farious departments to which geography now lays claim. This wide extension of a subject, which at one time had little claim to be considered scientific, has its advantages and disadvantages. It has reached its widest limits on the Continent, in Germany, where there are chairs of geography, whose professors, to judge from their progra mmes and their text-books, would require to be almost om niscient. If a student faithfully follows the course thus chalked out, he ought to end by having a fair knowled ge of all the sciences. And it comes to be a question whether the same object might not be attained by beginning at the other end. Why, it may be asked, might not the student begin by acquiring a knowledge of the principles and facts of the sciences concerned, and apply them afterwards to the special subject of geography? At the same time, it must be confessed, to have a complete knowledge of the geography of the world, a little of everything is necessary; and the Continental conception of the subject is certainly preferable to the bald and dry idea entertained of it in this country, as exhibited in most of our text-books. Happily better things may be looked for in the future with the use of such text-books as Green's "Geography of the British Isles," and the late Keith Johnston's Geographical Handbook. While geography thus levies tribute on all the sciences, it must be admitted that in return she largely pays back her debt in the multitude of new data brought home by the best of her pioneers. Unfortunately all explorers do not start with that knowledge of the sciences which would greatly increase their observing capacity. Every explorer is not a Livingstone or a Holub, a Prejevalsky or a Maclay; and for such especially, as also for missionaries, a course of geography similar to that which prevails at the German Universities would be a decided advantage. For practical, and especially for school purposes, it is well that some limit should be defined as to VOL. XXIV.-No. 625

A vast array of data must necessarily be accumulated that cannot but be turned to valuable account by science. Our knowledge of the meteorology of the temperate zone can never be complete until we are well acquainted with Arctic conditions, and thus the work to be done at these observatories will have an important practical bearing. Not only so, but it is maintained that it is only when we have the knowledge which will be collected at these stations that we shall be in a condition to send out an expedition for the Pole itself with anything like scientific assurance of success. We cannot but regret, then, that England has no share in the scheme. The countries forming the International Association are Russia, Germany, Norway and Sweden, Denmark, Austria, the United States, and we believe Canada; France and Switzerland lend it their countenance, and Lieut. Bove's Italian Antarctic expedition is to some extent affiliated to the Association. Stations are to be established on the north coast of Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, Spitzbergen, Jan Mayen Island, the west coast of Greenland, Lady Franklin Bay, and the neighbourhood of Behring Straits. The colony for Lady Franklin Bay, sent out by the United States, has already, we believe, reached its destination, and the others will probably be all at work next year.

While speaking of Arctic matters we must express our surprise at a journal like the Pall Mall Gazette talking of Polar exploration as a barren work. This of course depends on what one looks for in the way of results; if an immediate return in £ s. d. is looked for, the work is barren enough certainly, as barren as all purely scientific research seems at its first undertaking; though even the Pall Mall Gazette must admit that all the difference between the present and the past, materially and intellectually, is due to the ultimate results of this same barren work. And we are glad to see that Capt. Adams, the wellknown Dundee whaler, again found time to take part in the

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